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EU invests €86 million in climate resilience and water quality projects

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Today, the Commission invests €86 million in new Strategic Integrated Projects focusing on improving water quality and availability, cleaning up polluted rivers, improving fire and flood protection, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This funding will support projects awarded as part of the 2023 calls for proposals to help Europe become a climate-neutral continent by 2050.

The selected projects are located in Denmark, Estonia, PolandSlovenia and Iceland and will help national, regional and local authorities implement national and European environmental and climate legislation.

They are expected to mobilise significant additional investment from other EU funding sources. This includes agricultural, structural, regional and research funds, in addition to national funds and private sector investment.

In Denmark, the LIFE ACT project brings together 27 municipalities to ramp up local climate action plans. Receiving €28.4 million in support (of which the EU will provide €17 million), it will reduce municipal CO₂ emissions by 75% and make 2,900 km of coastline more resilient to climate change by 2050.

In Estonia, the LIFE SIP WET-EST project focuses on improving water quality. With €29.9 million in support (of which the EU will provide €17.9 million), the project is future-proofing the Western Estonian river basin by controlling pollution, restoring ecosystems and reducing risks from droughts and floods.

Poland is receiving a €21.9 million budget (of which the EU will provide €13.1 million) to tackle major recycling and landfill challenges in the Pomorskie Voivodeship region. 31 project partners, including the regional government, municipalities and universities, have set an ambitious 65% recycling target while aiming to cut landfill waste to 10% by 2035.

The LIFE4ADAPT project will help Slovenia better prepare for droughts, forest fires and floods, which have hit the country in recent years. The €26.5 million funding (of which the EU will provide €14.2 million) will help the country’s Climate Service Centre and Climate Portal finance new ways of managing climate risks and launching educational programmes.

In Iceland, the LIFE ICEWATER project unites government agencies, researchers and municipalities to enhance water quality. With €39.6 million in support (of which the EU will provide €23.8 million), the project promotes sustainable water use and reduces pressure on vital resources.

The Commission also adopted today the work programme for the implementation of the LIFE Programme in 2025-2027. It sets out key strategies, actions and funding opportunities with the aim to drive Europe’s transition to a clean, circular, competitive and climate-resilient economy. The work programme establishes an overall budget of €2.3 billion for projects tackling circular economy, zero pollution, nature and biodiversity, climate mitigation and adaptation, and clean energy.

Background

The LIFE Programme is the only EU funding programme entirely dedicated to environmental, climate and energy objectives. It has co-financed more than 6,000 projects since 1992 across the EU and associated countries. Funding for the five Strategic Integrated Projects announced today is part of a wider €5.43 billion budget assigned to the LIFE programme under the 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework.

The programme is actively contributing to achieving the EU’s climate neutrality objective by 2050 under the European Climate Law. They also support the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Water Framework Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, contributing to a clean energy transition. The LIFE Programme is managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA).

Projects help the EU protect and improve the quality of the environment, halt and reverse biodiversity loss, support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, boost preparedness against climate impacts, facilitate the energy transition and ensure water resilience.

Water resilience is a key component of the EU’s competitiveness. Maintaining its cutting-edge water industry will allow the EU to achieve both its environmental and economic ambitions. The call for evidence, which closed on 4 March, responded to a clear demand for action to address water challenges and reverse the widespread degradation and structural mismanagement of water resources and ecosystems across the EU.

The LIFE calls for proposals 2025 are expected to be published on the Funding & tender opportunities portal on 24 April 2025. CINEA will organise virtual information sessions from 13 to 15 May 2025 to guide potential applicants through the LIFE Calls for proposals 2025.

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EU invests €86 million in climate resilience and water quality projects

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EU invests €86 million in climate resilience and water quality projects

The EU is investing €86 million in several projects in the EU and Iceland that will work on water quality and availability, cleaning up polluted rivers, improving fire and flood protection, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Their work will help Europe become a climate-neutral continent by 2050.

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2024 warmest year on record in Europe, finds EU climate report

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The latest European State of the Climate report illustrates clearly the impact of climate change in Europe and the Arctic. In 2024, Europe was the fastest-warming continent, with a clear climate divide – eastern parts suffered from extreme heat and drought, while western parts were extremely hot and humid. At the same time, it experienced the […]

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2024 warmest year on record in Europe, finds EU climate report

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2024 warmest year on record in Europe, finds EU climate report

The European State of the Climate Report finds that Europe was the fastest-warming continent in 2024. It also notes that there were record-high numbers of extreme heat days and tropical nights, as well as widespread flooding. The report calls for urgent action to increase climate resilience.

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10 Essential Steps For A Sustainable Environment

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10 Essential Steps For A Sustainable Environment

Sustainability is not just a trend; it’s a fundamental approach to ensuring a livable planet for future generations. By implementing these 10 vital steps drawn from Germany’s successes, you can significantly enhance your efforts towards a sustainable environment. Germany has set an impressive example with its innovative policies and community engagement that foster renewable energy and waste reduction. This guide will empower you with practical strategies to integrate into your daily life and promote environmental stewardship, ultimately leading to a healthier ecosystem.

Understanding Sustainability

To build a sustainable future, it is imperative to grasp the concept of sustainability which emphasizes a balance between ecological health, economic vitality, and social equity. This principle guides your actions towards conserving resources, protecting the environment, and ensuring that future generations can thrive. A sustainable approach is not just an option; it is a necessity for the planet’s well-being.

Definition and Importance

At its core, sustainability is the practice of meeting your present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves a respectful relationship with the environment, advocating for efficient resource use, and emphasizing social responsibility. By adopting sustainable practices, you contribute to a healthier planet and society.

Global Impact and Challenges

Between the urgency of climate change and the depletion of natural resources, your efforts towards sustainability face significant challenges. However, the positive impact of collective action cannot be overstated. By actively participating in sustainability initiatives, you can reduce your carbon footprint, support biodiversity, and promote social equity, creating a ripple effect that influences communities globally.

Importance of sustainability extends beyond personal choices; it encompasses a broader commitment to address pressing issues like pollution, deforestation, and resource scarcity. Your active role in this movement sparks positive change in your community and contributes to a worldwide shift necessary for combating climate change and protecting ecosystems. Yet, challenges are significant, including policy resistance and economic disparities, emphasizing the need for collaboration and innovation for transformative progress.

Lessons from Germany’s Approach

Some of the most effective environmental strategies can be learned from Germany’s commitment to sustainability. By prioritizing renewable energy sources, strict regulations, and strong community engagement, Germany demonstrates that a comprehensive approach can lead to meaningful change. You can adopt similar practices in your community by studying their methods and tailoring them to fit your local context, fostering a collaborative effort towards environmental preservation.

Renewable Energy Initiatives

By investing heavily in renewable energy, Germany has transformed its energy landscape. The nation harnesses wind, solar, and biomass technologies, aiming for a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. You can reflect on their success and consider how these initiatives can inspire your own energy choices, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable future.

Waste Management Strategies

Among the pivotal strategies Germany employs, its innovative waste management system stands out. By implementing a highly organized recycling program and promoting waste reduction, Germany sets the benchmark for effective waste handling that you can mirror in your lifestyle to minimize environmental impact.

Germany’s waste management approach is an exemplary model for you to emulate. Through a robust recycling system, citizens are encouraged to sort their waste into different categories, which has significantly improved recycling rates. This method not only minimizes landfill usage but also creates job opportunities in the recycling sector. Furthermore, Germany has enacted laws that penalize excessive waste, promoting a culture of responsibility. You can adopt similar habits by staying informed about local recycling practices and advocating for policies that encourage sustainable waste management in your community.

Community Engagement and Education

Assuming you want to build a sustainable environment, engaging your community is key. Germany illustrates the importance of involving citizens in sustainability initiatives through participation and collaboration. By fostering active involvement, you enable collective decision-making and empower your community. This approach not only enhances public awareness but also promotes individual responsibility towards a more sustainable future.

Involving Local Residents

Before implementing any eco-friendly initiatives, you should focus on involving local residents in planning and execution. This not only cultivates a sense of ownership but also gathers valuable insights and feedback. By organizing community meetings and consultations, you give residents a platform to voice their opinions and actively participate in shaping sustainability projects in your area.

Educational Programs and Workshops

Workshops and educational programs play a significant role in increasing awareness about environmental issues. They equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to make sustainable choices in everyday life. By attending these sessions, you learn about recycling, energy conservation, and urban gardening, which can have a positive impact on both your community and the environment.

But the true value of these educational programs lies in their ability to foster a sense of unity and purpose among participants. Engaging in hands-on workshops allows you to share experiences, learn innovative practices, and even collaborate on local projects. Through knowledge-sharing, you can address pressing environmental challenges while building a more sustainable and connected community. Ultimately, these initiatives empower you to act within your local context, creating a ripple effect of positive change.

Sustainable Transportation Solutions

After witnessing the environmental impact of traditional transportation methods, Germany has embraced a range of sustainable solutions to enhance urban mobility. By prioritizing low-emission options and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, you can contribute to a cleaner environment while improving the quality of urban life. With innovations in public transit and a focus on cycling and pedestrian pathways, Germany serves as a model for developing a more sustainable transportation ecosystem.

Public Transit Innovations

At the forefront of Germany’s sustainability efforts are advanced public transit systems that prioritize efficiency and accessibility. With an extensive network of trains, trams, and buses, you have convenient access to eco-friendly options that significantly reduce your carbon footprint. These innovations not only promote a vibrant public transport culture but also encourage residents to leave their cars at home.

Cycling and Pedestrian Pathways

One of the most effective approaches in Germany is the development of dedicated cycling and pedestrian pathways. These clearly defined routes not only enhance safety for cyclists and walkers but also create a harmonious environment for all road users. You are encouraged to embrace these pathways, which integrate seamlessly into urban landscapes.

Cycling has become a pivotal part of Germany’s transportation strategy, transforming cities into more bike-friendly environments. By investing in extensive networks of well-maintained cycling lanes, you can navigate urban areas safely while minimizing your environmental impact. Furthermore, the focus on pedestrian-friendly spaces encourages a healthier lifestyle by promoting walking as a viable mode of transport. These pathways also foster community interaction, making urban areas more vibrant and accessible for everyone. Ultimately, prioritizing cycling and walking enhances your quality of life while contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly environment.

Green Urban Planning

Your urban environment plays a pivotal role in fostering sustainability. Cities in Germany focus on integrating green spaces and efficient public transport systems, minimizing reliance on cars. By prioritizing walkable neighborhoods and reducing pollution, urban planning aims to create healthier living spaces for you and your community. Incorporating elements like energy-efficient buildings and renewable energy sources contributes to a well-rounded sustainable approach, ensuring your city thrives in harmony with nature.

Eco-Friendly Architecture

Along with smart city planning, eco-friendly architecture significantly contributes to sustainability. Buildings designed with natural materials, energy-efficient systems, and innovative technologies reduce energy consumption and the carbon footprint. These structures not only enhance your living experience but also promote a healthier planet for future generations through their environmentally conscious design.

Parks and Green Spaces

Spaces dedicated to parks and green areas substantially enhance urban life. They serve as vital lungs for the city, improving air quality and providing habitats for wildlife. Well-planned parks promote outdoor activities, contributing to your mental and physical well-being. Ensuring green spaces are abundant and accessible is a step forward in creating a community atmosphere where you can connect with nature and each other.

Parks play a significant role in urban landscapes, acting as necessary components of sustainable environments. They offer a refuge for the community, encouraging physical activity and social gatherings. Green spaces also help combat urban heat, promote biodiversity, and support mental well-being. By preserving and enhancing parks, you contribute to a more sustainable urban environment that fosters a sense of belonging and promotes a healthier lifestyle.

Policy and Legislation

Many countries can learn from Germany’s approach to environmental policy and legislation, which focuses on integrating sustainability into all levels of governance. The German government prioritizes laws aimed at reducing carbon emissions, promoting renewable energy, and enhancing resource efficiency. By implementing these policies, Germany sets a framework that empowers citizens and businesses to contribute to a sustainable future.

Government Role in Sustainability

Among the various stakeholders in sustainability, the government plays a pivotal role in shaping effective environmental policies. It is responsible for creating legislation that supports green initiatives, investing in sustainable technologies, and fostering collaborations between industries and communities. This active engagement helps you understand the importance of coordinated efforts to achieve long-term sustainability goals.

Successful Policy Models from Germany

The systematic reforms in Germany offer remarkable examples of effective policy models that can guide your own sustainability efforts.

Plus, Germany’s transition to a green economy is illustrated through initiatives such as the Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), which promotes renewable energy sources by ensuring fixed feed-in tariffs. The German Energy Transition or “Energiewende” emphasizes a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning away from fossil fuels. These models have led to a significant increase in renewable energy usage, decreasing costs, and fostering innovation in energy technologies. As you consider implementing similar strategies, it’s vital to recognize how a well-defined policy framework can drive change and encourage active participation in sustainability efforts.

To wrap up

Now that you’ve explored the 10 imperative steps for a sustainable environment through the lessons learned from Germany, you have valuable insights to implement in your own life and community. By adopting these practices, you can contribute significantly to a healthier planet. Embrace renewable energy, reduce waste, support local economies, and engage in conservation efforts. Your actions can lead to meaningful change and inspire others to follow suit, creating a ripple effect toward sustainability. Start today and become an active participant in building a more environmentally-friendly future.

FAQ

Q: What are the 10 crucial steps for creating a sustainable environment as demonstrated by Germany?

A: The 10 crucial steps include: 1) Promoting renewable energy sources, 2) Enhancing energy efficiency, 3) Implementing effective recycling systems, 4) Supporting sustainable transportation options, 5) Encouraging sustainable agriculture practices, 6) Conserving water resources, 7) Protecting natural habitats and biodiversity, 8) Raising public awareness and education about sustainability, 9) Fostering green technologies and innovation, and 10) Establishing strong policies and Governance frameworks to support sustainability efforts.

Q: How has Germany successfully promoted renewable energy sources?

A: Germany has invested significantly in renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, and biomass. The country has implemented feed-in tariffs and subsidies that encourage individuals and businesses to invest in renewable energy installations. This supportive policy framework has led to a remarkable increase in the share of renewable energy in Germany’s energy mix, significantly reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Q: What recycling systems has Germany put in place to enhance sustainability?

A: Germany operates one of the most effective recycling systems in the world, known as the “Closed Loop Recycling System.” This includes a mandatory deposit system for beverage containers, detailed waste sorting protocols, and an extensive infrastructure for collecting and processing recyclables. As a result, the country has achieved a recycling rate of over 60%, minimizing waste and promoting circular economy practices.

Q: How does Germany support sustainable transportation options?

A: Germany has invested heavily in public transportation systems to reduce car dependency. This includes expanding train and bus networks, promoting cycling through dedicated bike lanes, and encouraging the use of electric vehicles with subsidies and charging infrastructure. Furthermore, cities are implementing “car-free” zones to discourage vehicle traffic and promote pedestrian and cycling activities.

Q: In what ways does Germany engage the public in sustainability education?

A: Germany places a strong emphasis on public awareness and education about sustainability. Initiatives include integrating environmental education into school curriculums, community outreach programs, and public campaigns to raise awareness about climate change and sustainable practices. Various organizations and NGOs also play a role in providing resources and facilitating discussions around sustainable living, thus empowering individuals to make environmentally friendly choices.

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Sudan: 15 million children require humanitarian assistance after two years of war

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Sudan: 15 million children require humanitarian assistance after two years of war

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reports that 15 million boys and girls require support, up from 7.8 million at the start of 2023 – the year fighting erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and former ally the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

UNICEF said violence by warring parties against children, hunger and disease are surging, while displacement continues to disrupt lives. This is happening as both humanitarian access and funding are shrinking and as the rainy season approaches in May. 

Step up support

“With the rainy season around the corner, children who are already reeling from malnutrition and disease will be harder to reach,” said UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell. 

She urged the international community “to seize this pivotal window for action and step up for Sudan’s children.”

Sudan is currently the world’s largest humanitarian and child displacement crises. More than 30 million people overall need humanitarian assistance this year.

Young lives uprooted

The conflict has forced 12.4 million people to flee their homes and seek safety either elsewhere in Sudan or across the border.  More than half are children, with nearly a third under the age of five. UNICEF noted that in areas where people can return, unexploded ordnance and limited access to essential services put children’s lives at heightened risk. Meanwhile, famine is spreading, vaccination rates are dropping, and about 90 per cent of children are out of school.

The situation is being compounded by a deadly combination of interlinked factors, such as a ten-fold surge in the number of grave violations against children, namely killing and maiming; abduction; recruitment and use in hostilities; rape and other forms of sexual violence; attacks on schools and hospitals; and the denial of humanitarian access.

While grave violations were previously confined to regions such as Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan, incidents have now been verified in more than half of Sudan’s 18 states.

The most recurrent verified grave violations include killing and maiming, abductions and attacks on schools and hospitals, with the highest numbers reported in the Darfurs, Khartoum, Aljazeera and South Kordofan.

Famine and disease

Furthermore, famine has been confirmed in 10 locations, according to the UN World Food Programme (WFP), with more places at risk. With the rainy season looming, UNICEF warned that some localities are also vulnerable to flooding. 

The agency recalled that between 2022 and 2024, around 60 per cent of annual admissions for severe acute malnutrition occurred during the rainy season, meaning that up to 462,000 children could be affected this year if the trend holds.  

Disease outbreaks are also expected to surge. Last year, 49,000 cholera cases and more than 11,000 cases of dengue fever were reported, mainly affecting mothers and children. 

Outbreaks are worsened by the effects of the rainy season, including water contamination, poor sanitation, and increased displacement and population movement.

Funding shortfall fears

At the same time, humanitarian access to children in Sudan is deteriorating due to the intensity of the conflict and restrictions or bureaucratic impediments, whether by the Government authorities or other armed groups.

Funding for life-saving services is also critically low, putting essential health, nutrition, education and protection programmes at risk. 

UNICEF is appealing for $1 billion for its operations in Sudan in 2025, which works out to just $76 per person for the year, or 26 cents per day. Currently, $266.6 million is available, though most of the funding was rolled over from 2024 with just $12 million received this year.

Last year, UNICEF and partners provided psychosocial counselling, education, and protection services to 2.7 million children and caregivers. They also reached nearly 10 million children and families with safe drinking water and screened 6.7 million youngsters for malnutrition, providing lifesaving treatment for 422,000 of them. 

“Sudan is the biggest humanitarian crisis in the world today, but it is not getting the world’s attention,” said Ms. Russell. 

“We cannot abandon the children of Sudan. We have the expertise and the resolve to scale up our support, but we need access and sustained funding. Most of all, children in Sudan need this horrific conflict to end.” 

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European Commission publishes Fusion Expert Group opinion paper

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European Commission publishes Fusion Expert Group opinion paper

The European Commission’s Directorate-General for Research and Innovation has published the Fusion Expert Group (FEG) Opinion Paper. The report is the result of recent discussions within the group, made up of independent experts representing EU Member States, with F4E as an observer.

The goal of the FEG paper is to provide recommendations for the European Fusion Strategy, coordinated by European Commission, in order to accelerate the way to commercial fusion energy and position Europe at the forefront.

The recommendations are structured around five pillars:

-Support and leverage ITER, a key step on the way to pilot fusion power plants.

-Driving innovation, building a competitive industry, and developing a skilled workforce.

-Ensuring a harmonised regulatory framework.

-Strengthening international collaboration.

-Developing a seamless EU governance for fusion energy.

The FEG mentions F4E in different parts of the report. Besides our role in ITER, the recommendations place F4E as a central actor in shaping the European supply chain, developing critical technologies, maximising knowledge transfer or establishing a fusion Public-Private Partnership.

Read the report here.

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UN forum on People of African Descent examines reparations and AI challenge

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UN forum on People of African Descent examines reparations and AI challenge

Organised by the UN human rights office, the week-long session “Africa and people of African descent: United for reparatory justice in the age of Artificial Intelligence,” will echo global calls for reparations for the historical legacies of enslavement and colonialism.

“Let us recommit to ending racism -everywhere, in all its forms- in defence of the dignity and equality of every human being,” said  Philemon Yang, President of the UN General Assembly during his opening remarks on Monday.

Reparatory justice

For centuries, Africa and its diaspora have suffered from the consequences of colonialism, enslavement apartheid and genocide.

“A critical objective is the need for reparatory justice frameworks grounded in international human rights law,” said UN Secretary-General António Guterres in a message delivered by his Chef de Cabinet, Courtenay Rattray.

As these historical injustices continue to undermine the development of African nations and hinder the full enjoyment of human rights for people of African descent, the first panel of the session, to be held on Tuesday, will emphasise the critical and urgent global priority of addressing such consequences.

Human rights of women and girls

The compounded effects of racism and sexism result in multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination against women and girls of African descent. As such, the second panel of the session, to be held on Tuesday, will focus on the impact of intersectional racial political violence on women and girls of African descent. 

“Women and adolescent girls of African descent […] are at a much higher risk of maternal mortality and adolescent pregnancy”, said Natalia Kanem, Executive Director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). Speaking at the opening ceremony, Ms. Kanem stated that the agency was taking actions in addressing disparities in reproductive health. 

Policymaking and systemic racism

The third panel of the session will be held on Wednesday and will focus on implementing human rights-based policymaking tools, based on promoting equality and non-discrimination, amidst a context of growing inequalities.

“We must continue to address racism in all its forms -particularly where it is embedded in laws, policies and institutions,” said Mr. Rattray, on behalf of the UN Secretary-General. 

Artificial Intelligence 

While Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly shaping critical aspects of modern life, AI perpetuates stereotypes and deepens racial disparities by underrepresenting or misrepresenting African descents in the datasets that inform its systems.

Denouncing “algorithmic bias,” in a video message screened during the opening segment, Volker Türk, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said that “solutions to our greatest challenges lie in more unity and greater respect for human rights, not less.”

Consequently, the fourth panel of the session, to be held on Wednesday, will explore the dual role of AI as both a tool for advancing digital justice and a technology that can perpetuate and even deepen racial inequalities.

Haiti’s “independence debt”

Ultimately, the closing event on Thursday, will mark the bicentennial anniversary of Haiti’s “independence debt”, which acts as a stark reminder of the profound impact and legacy of colonisation and the institution of enslavement in the Caribbean.

The Republic of Haiti was established in 1804 after enslaved people rebelled against French colonial rule in 1791. In retaliation for this unprecedented act, Haiti was forced into an agreement to pay 150 million gold francs to France.

The crushing debt load from interest payments created a devastating cycle of entrenched poverty and debt, impeding Haiti’s economic progress and stability.

Marking the end of the First International Decade for People of African Descent, the event will be the opportunity to discuss the roots of Haiti’s current crisis and coordinate Haiti’s inclusion in the Second International Decade for People of African Descent.  

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How is the Sudanese civil war destabilising neighbouring countries?

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How is the Sudanese civil war destabilising neighbouring countries?

The conflict, between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), is the cause of a major humanitarian crisis, not only in the country itself, but also in neighbouring States. The crisis has proven to be particularly dangerous for people who have already been driven from their homes and, according to the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, thousands are fleeing the country every day.

The situation within the country is dire: attacks on Sudanese displacement camps in the North Darfur region, currently the hotspot of the conflict, have resulted in multiple civilian casualties, and the UN has made an urgent call for action to prevent widespread famine.

Out of a population of some 50 million, almost 25 million Sudanese face acute food insecurity, and the number is expected to grow. “With the rainy season starting soon, and flooding along key routes likely to compound access challenges, time is running out,” Stéphane Dujarric, the UN Spokesperson, warned

1. Over 3 million have fled the country

As of this year, Sudan is the largest displacement crisis in the world. “Today, one-third of Sudan’s entire population is displaced. The consequences of this horrific and senseless conflict spread far beyond Sudan’s borders,” said Filippo Grandi, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, in February.

In total, around 3.8 million refugees have crossed Sudan’s borders, creating a significant crisis: they are often extremely vulnerable, facing shortages of food, water, and medical care. The UN expects that number to rise by about one million in 2025.

The countries surrounding Sudan were already barely managing to cope with mass displacement before the war – just the latest in a series of conflicts and periods of instability stretching back to the 2003 Darfur crisis – erupted in April 2023.

These countries are already hosting large refugee and internally displaced populations and their humanitarian programmes are severely underfunded. Moreover, those leaving Sudan are arriving in remote locations, which makes it difficult to get access to them.

Chad and Egypt have received the biggest numbers: Egypt is currently hosting around 600,000 Sudanese and in Chad over 700,000 have been registered (the Chadian government has estimated that this number could rise to almost one million by the end of 2025).

2. Struggle to maintain basic services

Neighbouring countries are struggling to cope with the increased demand on healthcare, education and other basic services. According to the UN aid office, OCHA, the influx has overwhelmed health facilities in Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia and South Sudan, where medicines, supplies and personnel are in short supply.

The lack of clarity over the level of donor contributions this year has added an extra layer of uncertainty for those concerned. For example, it has forced UNHCR to suspend all medical treatment for refugees who crossed the northern border to enter Egypt. This means suspending procedures such as cancer surgery, heart operations and medication for chronic diseases, affecting some 20,000 patients.

3. Ideal conditions for the spread of disease

The World Health Organisation (WHO) warned in 2024 that the situation in Sudan was approaching a “perfect storm,” because of a barely functioning health system, large numbers of people sheltering in overcrowded areas lacking access to water and sanitation, food and the most basic services.

As expected, the collapse of healthcare infrastructure has led to the spread of diseases, which have crossed borders and affected neighbouring countries hosting large numbers of refugees, who have a greater vulnerability to preventable diseases, due to plummeting vaccination rates in Sudan. Humanitarian partners have reported increased disease cases and concerns for outbreaks, particularly in border areas and shelter sites.

4. Growing insecurity

The countries surrounding Sudan (Egypt, Libya, Chad, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and the Central African Republic) were all grappling with their own domestic crises before the war, such as internal conflict, hunger and disease.

The conflict has led to increased violence and instability in border regions, and there have been reports of cross-border fighting. In Chad, the flow of weapons and the presence of armed groups have reportedly increased violence and insecurity, whilst a militia group in South Sudan is reported to have allied itself with the RSF in Sudan, one of the parties to the war.

5. Sexual violence – scars of Sudan’s war

Sexual violence is also being weaponised in Sudan’s conflict, putting millions of children at risk. The brutal reality of this violence, and the fear of falling victim to it, is pushing women and girls to leave their homes and families, only to face further dangers as they become internally displaced and cross borders requiring medical and psycho-social services..

UNICEF reported in March that girls often end up in informal displacement sites with scarce resources, where the risk of sexual violence is high. Of the reported child rape survivors, 66 per cent are girls.

Meanwhile, boys face their own difficulties. With deep-seated stigma, reporting sexual assault presents its challenges, making it harder to seek help and access services.

Shockingly, 16 of the survivors were under five years old, including four one-year-olds.

Gender violence is being used as a weapon of war in Sudan.

6. Economic disruption, rising regional poverty

The conflict has disrupted trade routes and economic activities, affecting the livelihoods of people in neighbouring countries, leading to increased poverty and economic hardship.

In Ethiopia and Egypt, border restrictions and insecurity along trade corridors has led to increased transportation costs and a big drop in cross-border economic activity, whilst in Chad and South Sudan, the massive influx of refugees has diverted resources from other critical areas of the economy.

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Sudan war: ‘Darkest chapters’ ahead as Darfur massacre claims over 100 lives

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Sudan war: ‘Darkest chapters’ ahead as Darfur massacre claims over 100 lives

The latest attacks, which began on 11 April, saw Rapid Support Forces (RSF)-affiliated forces launch coordinated assaults on Zamzam and Abu Shouk – two of the largest camps for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Darfur – as well as the regional capital, El Fasher.

Among those killed were 23 children as well as nine humanitarian workers who were operating one of the last remaining health posts.

No end in sight to suffering

The UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) for Sudan condemned the violence, warning that the situation is deteriorating as ethnically driven violence and hate speech escalate.

The world has witnessed two years of ruthless conflict which has trapped millions of civilians in harrowing situations, subjecting them to violations and suffering with no end in sight,” Mohamed Chande Othman, FFM chair, said in a statement on Monday.

“Amid the rising tide of hate speech and ethnically driven violence and reprisals, we fear the darkest chapters of this conflict have yet to unfold.”

Bring perpetrators to justice

UN Secretary-General António Guterres also condemned the latest violence, stressing that attacks on civilians, humanitarian and medical personnel are strictly prohibited under international law.

The perpetrators of these attacks must be brought to justice,” he said, calling for urgent, safe and sustained access to besieged areas like Zamzam camp, where famine conditions have already been identified.

Tens of millions in Sudan are in desperate need of humanitarian assistance and protection. (file photo)

Two years of atrocities

The Darfur attacks are the latest flashpoints in a conflict that erupted on 15 April 2023, when fighting broke out in Khartoum between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the RSF.

The power struggle quickly descended into a nationwide civil war, killing thousands and displacing over 12.4 million people – more than 3.3 million as refugees into neighbouring countries.

According to the FFM, both sides have committed serious violations of international humanitarian law, including deliberate attacks on civilians, rape and sexual violence, starvation tactics, mass looting and destruction of civilian infrastructure.

Aid workers targeted

Clementine Nkweta-Salami, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan, described the escalation as “deadly and unacceptable,” and condemned the deliberate targeting of civilians and aid workers.

These families – many of whom have already been displaced multiple times – are once again caught in the crossfire, with nowhere safe to go. This must end now,” she stressed.

Survivors from Zamzam camp – once home to over 750,000 people, half of them children – were reported as being placed under siege-like conditions, according to the FFM.

Humanitarian access inside the camp remains nearly impossible, while children are reported to be dying from hunger and the few remaining health outposts have been overrun or destroyed.

Protect children

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) also sounded the alarm.

These unconscionable acts of violence against civilians, children and aid workers must end immediately,” said Executive Director Catherine Russell.

“Children must be protected from this senseless violence, and humanitarian workers must never be targets.” 

Ms. Russell warned that with aid blocked and violence surging, famine is already “stalking children,” placing over one million people at high risk in and around El Fasher and Zamzam camp.

Clashes and insecurity in Sudan has forced millions to flee their homes in search of safety. (file photo)

© UNICEF/Proscovia Nakibuuka

Clashes and insecurity in Sudan has forced millions to flee their homes in search of safety. (file photo)

Situation beyond Darfur

Violations are not confined to Darfur.

The SAF and its allies have allegedly committed reprisal attacks in areas recently recaptured from the RSF, particularly in Sinja and Al-Dinder in Sennar state and Wad Madani in Al-Jazirah (also spelled Gezira).

Witnesses described arbitrary detentions, mass arrests and public executions, including in newly controlled areas of southern Khartoum, the FFM said. Many of those detained have reportedly disappeared.

These acts highlight the urgent need to prevent further escalation and to protect civilians and the lifesaving systems they rely on,” said FFM member Mona Rishmawi.

Stop encouraging the war

In the midst of the violence, the Fact-Finding Mission alongside humanitarian agencies continue to call for international accountability and support.

As key regional and global actors set to meet this week in London to discuss humanitarian funding and strategies for civilian protection, the FFM reiterated the need for all States to “respect and ensure respect” for the Geneva Conventions – the core of international humanitarian law.

This means that States should neither finance the war nor provide weapons, as this may encourage, aid and assist the warring parties in committing violations,” said Ms. Rishmawi.

The Human Rights Council – UN’s primary human rights forum – established the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for Sudan in October 2023 and extended its mandate until October this year.

Its core task is to investigate all alleged human rights violations and violations of international humanitarian law linked to Sudan’s ongoing conflict since April 2023.

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