Par : Isaac Hammouch

Écrivain et journaliste belge d’origine marocaine

Dans l’histoire des États et des régimes autoritaires, il existe des hommes fabriqués pour être des tombeaux à secrets. Ils sont sélectionnés avec soin, entraînés à la vertu du silence, sommés de n’être que des ombres se mouvant dans les coulisses du pouvoir, exécutant les ordres sans laisser de trace. Ahmed Boukhari était l’un de ces hommes. Il n’était pas un simple officier de renseignement parmi d’autres — il était la “boîte noire” qui avait englouti, pendant des décennies, les détails de l’une des périodes les plus sombres du Maroc contemporain : les “années de plomb”. Pourtant, cet homme fabriqué pour se taire a choisi, au crépuscule de sa vie, de parler. Et lorsqu’il a parlé, il n’a pas seulement ébranlé le trône du Makhzen — il a payé un prix tragique qui a touché sa chair et son sang, dans une histoire qui semble tout droit extraite d’un roman kafkaïen sur la cruauté de l’État lorsqu’il décide de se venger de ses propres enfants.

Boukhari est né à Safi en 1938, dans un Maroc qui cherchait encore son chemin vers l’indépendance. Il intègre rapidement les rangs de la Sûreté nationale, avant de rejoindre la redoutable unité “Cab-1”, la cellule politique de la Direction générale de la Surveillance du territoire (DST). Cette unité, dont les premiers officiers furent formés par des agents de la CIA, était le marteau qui s’abattait sur la tête de l’opposition politique, notamment de gauche, tout au long des années 1960 et 1970. Boukhari était au cœur de cette machine : il n’en était pas le décideur suprême, mais il en était le rouage qui voyait, entendait et archivait tout.

Pour mesurer le poids des aveux de Boukhari, il faut d’abord comprendre ce que signifient réellement les “années de plomb”. Ce n’était pas une simple période de tensions politiques — c’était une machine à broyer les êtres humains, méthodiquement, industriellement. On parle ici d’une époque qui a vu fleurir des prisons secrètes terrifiantes : Tazmamart, Derb Moulay Cherif, Agdez — des lieux où des opposants étaient enterrés vivants dans des cellules que le soleil n’atteignait jamais. Boukhari lui-même a résumé l’ampleur du désastre dans des mots qui glacent le sang, lors d’un entretien accordé à l’Associated Press en 2005 : “Nous savions que ce que nous faisions était en dehors de la loi. Mais nous obéissions aux ordres… Environ vingt mille personnes ont été arrêtées sous le règne de Hassan II, et il n’existe aucune trace de près de mille cinq cents d’entre elles à ce jour — ni tombe, ni dépouille.” En quelques mots, Boukhari résumait le martyre d’une génération entière que l’État avait non seulement tuée, mais effacée de l’existence.

La bombe à retardement explosa à l’été 2001. Soudain, Boukhari décida de briser le mur du silence. Dans une série de révélations fracassantes publiées par le quotidien français Le Monde et l’hebdomadaire marocain Le Journal, il dévoila les coulisses de l’affaire qui avait hanté le Maroc et la France pendant des décennies : l’enlèvement et l’assassinat du leader de gauche Mehdi Ben Barka à Paris, en octobre 1965. Avec un sang-froid déconcertant et une mémoire photographique implacable, Boukhari raconta comment Ben Barka avait été torturé à mort par le général Mohamed Oufkir et Ahmed Dlimi. Il alla plus loin encore, en révélant le détail le plus effroyable : le corps de Ben Barka avait été secrètement rapatrié au Maroc à bord d’un avion militaire, puis dissous dans une cuve d’acide au centre de détention secret “Dar El-Mokri” à Rabat, sur instruction directe d’un agent américain connu sous le nom du colonel Martin, chef de la station de la CIA au Maroc — un homme qui aurait appris cette méthode barbare en Iran, sous le régime du Shah.

Ces révélations constituaient un séisme qui frappait la version officielle en plein cœur. Mais Boukhari ne s’arrêta pas aux déclarations. Il consigna son témoignage pour l’Histoire dans deux ouvrages devenus des références incontournables. Le premier, publié en 2002 sous le titre “Le Secret — Ben Barka et le Maroc : un ancien agent des services spéciaux parle”, retraçait en détail les circonstances de l’enlèvement et de l’assassinat, en révélant les responsabilités marocaines, françaises et américaines. Le second, paru en 2005 sous le titre “Raisons d’État — tout sur l’affaire Ben Barka et d’autres crimes politiques au Maroc”, était encore plus implacable : il y détaillait les opérations secrètes des services de renseignement marocains entre les années 1960 et 1980, et dressait une liste nominative de cent vingt-trois personnes qu’il accusait d’avoir participé directement aux opérations de torture et de disparition forcée. Boukhari demeure à ce jour la seule personne issue de l’appareil sécuritaire marocain à avoir osé publier de tels documents et témoignages. Dans ses dernières années, il poursuivit son combat sous une autre forme, en enregistrant plus de quatre cent soixante-six épisodes vidéo diffusés sur sa chaîne YouTube, révélant des détails inédits jusqu’alors — et publiant son dernier épisode deux jours seulement avant sa mort.

La réponse du Makhzen ne se fit pas attendre. Dans la logique du pouvoir, lorsque l’ombre prend la parole, elle doit être écrasée. Quelques semaines à peine après ses premières révélations, Boukhari se retrouva arrêté — non pas pour divulgation de secrets d’État, ce qui aurait constitué un aveu implicite de leur véracité, mais pour une accusation fabriquée : l’émission de chèques sans provision datant de plusieurs années. Il fut condamné à un an de prison ferme, dans un procès que la Fédération internationale des droits de l’homme (FIDH) qualifia de mascarade politique dont le seul objectif était de l’empêcher de se rendre en France pour témoigner devant le juge chargé de l’enquête sur l’affaire Ben Barka. Son avocat dénonça publiquement le fait que le tribunal avait délibérément ignoré les arguments de la défense prouvant que deux des quatre chèques avaient déjà fait l’objet d’une condamnation exécutée en 1998. Boukhari entama une grève de la faim pour protester, déclarant depuis sa cellule que ce qui se passait n’était pas de la justice, mais la vengeance d’un État. Il ne put se rendre en France qu’en 2006, après cinq ans de batailles judiciaires et d’interdiction de sortie du territoire, en arrachant son passeport par un jugement du tribunal administratif.

Mais la prison n’était que le premier acte du châtiment. L’État profond, lorsqu’il décide de détruire un homme, frappe là où il est le plus vulnérable : sa famille. Soudainement, dans des circonstances troubles et suspectes, la femme de Boukhari fut victime d’un grave accident de voiture. Ce n’était pas un simple accident dans les rues de Casablanca — c’était un message écrit dans le sang et le métal. Elle survécut, mais en sortit avec un handicap physique sévère qui la plongea dans une souffrance durable. C’était la façon qu’avait choisie le régime de dire à Boukhari, sans ambiguïté : “Chaque mot que tu prononces sera payé par le corps de ceux que tu aimes.”

Face à cette terreur psychologique et physique, la vie de la famille devint un enfer quotidien. La surveillance permanente, les menaces à demi-voilées, l’isolement étouffant rendirent l’air lui-même irrespirable. Son fils, le brillant journaliste Karim Boukhari — qui deviendrait plus tard directeur de la rédaction du magazine historique Zamane et chroniqueur pour le site Le360 — n’eut d’autre choix que de fuir. Il fit ses valises et quitta son pays, prenant la direction de l’exil en France. Karim s’enfuit pour sauver sa vie et sa plume, laissant derrière lui un père qui affrontait seul la colère d’un État qui n’oublie jamais ses dettes de vengeance, et une mère qui payait de son corps le prix d’une vérité qu’elle n’avait pas prononcée.

Le 16 février 2025, Ahmed Boukhari rendit l’âme dans une clinique de Casablanca, à l’âge de 87 ans. L’homme qui avait voulu purifier sa conscience avant de partir s’en alla, laissant derrière lui un héritage lourd de vérités qui continuent de hanter bien des consciences. Il convient de rappeler que l’affaire Ben Barka fait toujours l’objet d’une instruction judiciaire en France, et que le fils de Mehdi, Bachir Ben Barka, a annoncé en 2025 des avancées dans le cours des investigations — ce qui signifie que la vérité pour laquelle Boukhari a sacrifié sa vie n’est pas morte avec lui.

L’histoire d’Ahmed Boukhari n’est pas simplement celle d’un agent de renseignement repenti qui a fini par parler. C’est une dissection précise de la psychologie de l’autoritarisme : un régime capable de dissoudre des corps dans des cuves d’acide, de fabriquer des accusations, de provoquer des accidents de voiture, de pousser des fils à l’exil. Mais c’est aussi, et peut-être surtout, une histoire sur la victoire de la vérité. Boukhari a prouvé que la machine répressive, aussi puissante soit-elle, ne peut pas faire taire la mémoire. Les corps peuvent être brisés, les familles dispersées — mais la parole, une fois prononcée, devient une balle qu’on ne peut plus remettre dans le canon.

Boukhari est mort. Mais ses secrets sont vivants. Et la question qu’il laisse suspendue comme une corde au-dessus du ciel du Maroc contemporain n’est pas “que s’est-il passé dans le passé ?” — elle est bien plus dérangeante que cela : peut-on vraiment se réconcilier avec soi-même lorsqu’on a fondé son État sur des cuves d’acide ? Ou ces cuves sont-elles simplement en attente, quelque part, d’être à nouveau remplies ?

The European Commission has launched a Call for Evidence to gather public input ahead of a new Education Package, due to be unveiled this November, the Commission’s European Education Area office announced on July 30. The consultation marks the first formal step in shaping what could become one of the bloc’s most significant education policy updates in years.

Three Pillars of Reform

According to the Commission’s announcement, the package will focus on three main areas, and it is asking citizens, institutions and experts to weigh in on each before the plan is finalized.

Basic skills. The first pillar addresses concerns over declining performance among European students in core competencies — including literacy, mathematics, science, digital skills and citizenship education. Under the initiative titled “Strengthening basic skills and improving performance in school education,” the Commission is seeking evidence on how schools across the bloc are tackling these slipping outcomes.

Teachers and trainers. The second strand centers on the “EU Teachers Agenda,” a dedicated plan aimed at improving conditions for educators — covering working conditions, career progression and efforts to make teaching a more attractive profession at a time when many EU countries face growing shortages of qualified staff.

Digital education infrastructure. The third pillar, folded into the Commission’s “Quality Education for All: A 2040 Roadmap” initiative, looks at modernizing digital learning systems across Europe as artificial intelligence becomes increasingly embedded in classrooms. The Commission has signaled particular interest in preserving human agency and inclusiveness, while also strengthening Europe’s digital sovereignty — echoing broader anxieties in Brussels about the bloc’s reliance on non-European technology providers.

The Commission’s notice states that the consultation window closes on 8 September, giving stakeholders roughly six weeks to weigh in before the proposal is finalized, though it advises checking the individual submission pages in case the deadline changes.

Who Can Take Part

Per the Commission’s call, the consultation is open to schools, teachers and trainers, national and regional education authorities, researchers, civil society organizations, and any members of the public with a stake in EU education systems.

Contributors are asked to submit concrete evidence rather than general opinions, the announcement notes — including examples of national laws and policies addressing these challenges, as well as documented good practices already in use across member states that could inform EU-wide policy. Submissions can be made directly through the three Have Your Say initiative pages linked above.

What Happens Next

Feedback gathered through the Call for Evidence will feed directly into the design of the Education Package, which the Commission plans to formally present in November. As the Commission’s own notice puts it, the goal is straightforward: public input can help shape the package before it is locked in.

Reporting based on the European Commission’s official announcement, published 30 July 2026 by the Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture. Image: Adobe Stock, via European Commission.

Habakkuk

Habakkuk (Hebrew: חֲבַקּוּק – Ḥavaqquq; Greek: Ἀμβακοὺμ) is one of the twelve “minor” prophets of the Old Testament and the author of the book of the same name. His name in Hebrew – Ḥavaqquq, means “embrace” or “beloved”, and in the Septuagint it is found in the transcription Ambakoúm. The Scriptures do not report the time and place of his birth, but according to tradition he lived in Judea, probably in Jerusalem, around 714–700 BC, as a contemporary of the prophet Isaiah. It is sometimes assumed that Habakkuk was a Levite and a singer in the temple, due to the liturgical nature of the third chapter of his book.

The book of the prophet Habakkuk is short – it consists of three chapters, and occupies the eighth place in the series of minor prophets. In it, the prophet begins with a mournful cry because of the widespread lawlessness and violence in society. The Lord replies that He will punish Judah through the invasion of the Chaldeans (Babylonians), who will become an instrument of God’s wrath. The prophet, horrified by this news, receives a second consolation – that the proud will be crushed, and the righteous “will live by their faith” (Habakkuk 2:4). This sentence later becomes key to Christian soteriology and is quoted in the New Testament (Rom. 1:17; Gal. 3:11; Heb. 10:38). The third chapter follows – a prayer song composed for singing, in which the prophet sings of God’s power and confesses his faith, even in the face of suffering and deprivation. This poetic text is related in style and depth to the Psalter and is included in the liturgical practice of the Church – it serves as the basis for the fourth song of the canons.

The entire book is distinguished by its sublime poetic language, precision, and stylistic purity. Many researchers define its language as the “language of the nightingale” in biblical literature. The third chapter in particular is an example of Jewish sacred poetry, in which a sublime religious mood and complete trust in God’s providence are evident.

In the Orthodox Church, the prophet Habakkuk is venerated on December 2, and according to Eusebius of Caesarea, his tomb was located in Keila (Kila), near Eleutheropol. The expression “the righteous by his faith will live” is not only the theological center of the book, but also a bridge between the Old and New Testaments, between the Jewish expectation of judgment and the Christian hope for salvation.

Haggai

Haggai (Hebrew: חַגַּי – Ḥaggay; Greek: Ἁγγαῖος). Meaning: “feast (of the Lord)”.

Haggai is one of the twelve minor prophets, whose book occupies the tenth place in the order of the prophetic books. The only certain information about his personality comes from the text of his prophecy itself: he was a contemporary of the prophet Zechariah and acted during the time of the Persian king Darius I, during the reign of Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, and of the high priest Joshua, son of Jehozadak (Haggai 1:1; 2:2).

His prophetic activity is dated to 520 BC – the second year of the reign of Darius. The main content of his message is an urgent exhortation to the Jews to resume the construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem – a work begun under King Cyrus, but abandoned for about 15 years due to hostility from the Samaritans and other opponents of the returnees from captivity.

The book of the prophet Haggai is one of the shortest prophetic books – it consists of only two chapters. It is structured into four separate prophetic speeches, each of which is precisely dated. The first (Hag. 1:1–11), from the first day of the sixth month, exhorts the people to rebuild the temple. The second (Hag. 2:1–9), from the twenty-first day of the seventh month, encourages the builders and contains the glorious prophecy of “The Desire of All Nations” to come and fill the house with glory. The third (Hag. 2:10–19), from the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, declares God’s blessing upon the land and the people. The fourth (Hag. 2:20–23) is a special word to Zerubbabel, promising him a destiny and honor worthy of a representative of the house of David.

The prophet Haggai is also mentioned in the books of Ezra (1 Ezra 5:1–2; 6:14), where he is noted, along with Zechariah, as one of the inspirers of the construction of the Second Temple. According to the tradition of Jewish scribes, Haggai was a member of the Great Assembly (synagogue), a spiritual body that preserved the prophetic and bookish tradition. The language of the book bears the marks of the post-exilic period, with a mixture of classical Hebrew and Aramaic words. The style is more prosaic than poetic, with short sentences, often repeating key phrases – especially “Turn your heart to your ways” (Hag. 1:5, 7; 2:15, 18). The book of Haggai has a clear messianic dimension. The prophecy sounds especially strong: “I will shake the heavens and the earth… the Desired One of all nations will come… the glory of this latter temple will be greater than the former, and in this place I will give peace” (Hag. 2:6–9). This prophecy is understood in the Christian tradition as a prediction of the coming of the Messiah and the transformation of the temple through His presence. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews refers to this text (Heb. 12:26).

The memory of St. Prophet Haggai is celebrated by the Orthodox Church on December 16.

Hagar

Hagar (Hebrew: הָגָר – Hāgār; Greek: Ἁγάρ – Hagár)

Meaning of the name: “escape”, “exile”, “stranger”, “wanderer”.

Hagar is an Egyptian woman mentioned in the book of Genesis (Genesis 16:1–3) as a servant in the house of Abraham and Sarah. According to some apocryphal traditions, it was given to Sarah as a gift by the Egyptian pharaoh when he dismissed Abraham and his wife after the episode in Egypt (Gen. 12:19–20). Because of Sarah’s infertility, she suggested that Abraham take Hagar as a concubine to have offspring through her. When Hagar conceived, she became proud and disrespectful to Sarah, which led to a conflict. Hagar was forced to flee and headed for Egypt, passing through the wilderness of Shur. On her way, she was found by the Angel of the Lord by a spring in the wilderness, which was later named Beer-lahai-roi—“the spring of the Living One Who Sees Me” (Gen. 16:7–14). There Hagar received a command from God to return to her mistress and a prophecy that she would give birth to a son, Ishmael, who would become the ancestor of a great nation, although he would be freedom-loving and warlike: “his hand will be against everyone, and everyone’s hand against him” (Gen. 16:12). Hagar obeyed and returned to Abraham’s house, where she gave birth to Ishmael. The story of Hagar receives an allegorical interpretation in the New Testament. The Apostle Paul, in the Epistle to the Galatians (Gal. 4:21–31), uses Hagar and Sarah as images of the two covenants: Hagar symbolizes the Old Covenant and the slavery of the Law, which originated from Mount Sinai; and Sarah symbolizes the freedom in the grace of the New Covenant. “These are the two covenants, the one from Mount Sinai, which gives birth to slavery, which is Hagar,” says the apostle, thus emphasizing that only the Gospel makes a person an heir to the kingdom of God, and not belonging to the Law. Just as Hagar and her son were expelled from Abraham’s house, so those who remain under the Law, without accepting Christ, cannot share in the inheritance of the New Covenant.

Hagar remains in the biblical tradition as a complex image of mother, slave, and foreigner, who, despite her lowly position, receives God’s revelation and blessing. She is also the first person in the Bible who is recorded to have a direct conversation with an angel of God. Arab tradition connects her with the lineage of the Ishmaelites, and some Eastern peoples even name Mount Sinai after her.

Hallelujah

Hallelujah (Hebrew: הַלְלוּיָהּ – hallelu-Yah, Greek: Ἁλληλούϊα) is an exclamation of praise to God, found very often in the Old Testament. It is composed of two parts: הַלְלוּ (halelu) – “praise” and יָהּ (Yah), which is a shortened form of God’s name Yahweh. It means: “Praise the Lord!” or “Glory to Yahweh!”.

In the Greek form Ἁλληλούϊα occurs in Revelation 19:1–6, where the heavenly hosts praise God: “After this I heard a loud voice as of a great multitude in heaven, saying, ‘Hallelujah! Salvation, and glory, and honor, and power, to the Lord our God.’” (Rev. 19:1) This is the only instance in which the word occurs in the New Testament.

The exclamation is used frequently in Orthodox worship, especially after the prokeimenons of Vespers and Matins; in the Divine Liturgy, in funeral services, in many canons, akathists, and liturgical chants.

Saudi Arabia, a large part of which is covered in desert, has announced impressive results from a large-scale environmental program.

In less than five years, the country has restored more than 1 million hectares of degraded land and planted more than 159 million trees, according to Tech. The program began in 2021, and by 2024, the area of ​​restored land was approximately 250,000 hectares, but by the beginning of this year this figure had already exceeded 1 million hectares.

The UN has assessed the project as one of the largest examples of ecosystem restoration in a dry climate. Experts believe that Saudi Arabia’s experience has shown that even countries with severe water shortages can successfully combat land degradation with the right approach.

However, the country’s authorities do not plan to rest on their laurels. By 2030, Saudi Arabia plans to restore 2.5 million hectares of land, and in the long term – 40 million hectares, and plant 10 billion trees.

To implement such an ambitious project, the country is using modern water-saving technologies. In particular, rainwater harvesting systems are being created, dams are being built, and treated wastewater is being used instead of fresh water to irrigate some green areas.

Greening is not limited to desert areas. Millions of trees are being planted along highways, pastures are being restored, and new parks and green spaces are being created in major cities, including Riyadh.

It is noted that the environmental program is part of a larger strategy. By 2030, Saudi Arabia plans to receive 50% of its electricity from renewable sources and significantly expand the area of ​​protected natural areas.

Meanwhile, the Colombian city of Medellín has become one of the best-known examples of how nature can help combat heat and climate change. As part of the Green Corridors program, approximately 880,000 trees and more than 2.5 million shrubs and other plants have been planted along roads, parks, rivers and public spaces.

The project began in 2016. Its goal is to reduce the urban “heat island” effect caused by dense construction, excessive asphalt and a decrease in green spaces. These factors have led to overheating of the streets and a deterioration in the quality of life of residents.

Trees cool the air in two ways: they create shade, protecting roads and buildings from direct sunlight, and they also evaporate moisture through their leaves, thus naturally lowering the temperature of the surrounding air. Studies show that thanks to the greening, the average temperature in the city has dropped by about 2°C, and in the most shaded areas, the air has become cooler by up to 5°C.

The new green spaces have improved air quality, reduced noise levels, created habitats for birds and pollinators, and made walking and cycling more comfortable.

Today, Medellín’s program is considered one of the best examples of urban adaptation to climate change. It is studied by experts around the world, as large-scale greening can make cities not only more beautiful, but also significantly more comfortable to live in as temperatures rise.

While Colombia successfully fights heat and climate change, Europe is suffering from Saharan dust. Desert dust concentrations across Europe have increased by 10–25% in recent years, with the Canary Islands and southern Spain suffering the most. Scientists warn that the problem will only get worse as the climate warms further.

Over the past decade, concentrations of dust from the Sahara Desert in Europe have increased by 10–25%, and in the UK, air pollution linked to such transport has increased by almost 50%. This is according to a new study titled “Growing Saharan dust air pollution in Europe under the influence of climate change”, published in the journal Nature.

Illustrative photo: pexels-saydoublea-30124607

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A group of young neo-Nazis tried to break into a hotel in Sofia on August 2, where Italian Jewish teenagers from Rome and Milan and their teachers were staying. All the leading Italian media, including the Italian news agency ANSA, the newspaper “Corriere della Sera”, the news media “Sky TG 24”, the financial publication “Sole 24 Ore”, the right-wing newspaper “Jornale”, the national media “RAI News”, the agency “La Presse” and others, reported BTA.

They report that young neo-Nazis gathered in front of the hotel entrance in Sofia and tried to force their way into the building, then blocked access to it. According to the information, even after the intervention of the police, the attackers returned and again blocked the entrance to the hotel, which was defined by the media as “a severe act of anti-Semitism in the heart of Europe”.

A number of sites, including La Presse, ANSA and RAI News, also published footage of the incident, showing youths dressed in black outside the hotel entrance chanting “Sieg Heil” and giving a Nazi salute.

The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy, Antonio Tajani, sent a message of solidarity with the Italian youth affected by the incident. “I express solidarity with the group of young Italian Jews who were attacked and threatened in a hotel in Sofia. I condemn this next act of anti-Semitism. This is a phenomenon that must be fought against, a form of hatred and discrimination that must be eradicated,” Tajani said in Aix, “Sky TG 24” and “Agentia Nova” write.

Ignazio La Russa, the president of the upper house of the Italian parliament – the Senate, also condemned what happened in the strongest terms, which he described as “a very serious episode that affected a group of Italian Jewish teenagers in Bulgaria”, writes “Sky TG 24”. La Russa expressed solidarity with the affected children, their families and the Jewish community in Rome and Milan and stressed that “anti-Semitism and any form of hatred cannot find any place in our society”. La Russa also expressed hope that the competent authorities will quickly verify the facts and identify those responsible.

The head of the Jewish community in Rome, Victor Fadlun, said it was a “shameful provocation”. “Our children are not free to travel around Europe without being exposed to violence and verbal abuse from anti-Semites,” Faldun said. He described what happened as “another act of anti-Semitism directed against Italian Jewish teenagers and their educators in a member state of the European Union.” Faldun called on the Bulgarian authorities “to fully clarify the case and for those responsible for this attack to be identified and brought to justice as soon as possible.”

The Union of Italian Jewish Communities said it “expresses solidarity with young Italian Jews over the case. These are incidents that continue to recur with increasingly alarming frequency. For our part, we will take all possible actions to ensure that Jewish life in all its manifestations can continue to develop peacefully and safely for Italian and European Jews,” added the Union of Italian Jewish Communities.

Illustrative photo: pexels-pham-ngoc-anh-170983008-28901674

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