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Chinese obsession with Ukrainian wives

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Why do the Chinese want Ukrainian women for wives?

Following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine, jokes about “sheltering homeless Ukrainian girls” began to spread rapidly on Chinese social media. But China’s obsession with “Ukrainian beauties” dates back a long way. This is what Vice says.

As Russia invaded Ukraine, bombing airports and apartment buildings, and people around the world watched the grim developments with bated breath, some Chinese thought of something else: Ukrainian beauties.

A joke on social media states that Chinese men would like to provide shelter for Ukrainians, but only if they are young, attractive and women.

Stereotypes about “Ukrainian beauties” have been around in the Chinese-speaking world for years. Online publications attribute the abundance of beautiful women in Ukraine to its climate and ethnic composition. At the Taobao shopping site, a man can pay about $ 30 to read a personalized birthday message from a group of Ukrainian women dressed in bunny costumes, although a salesman said the service is currently unavailable due to the war.

Meilishka, a dating service that specializes in bringing Chinese men closer to Eastern European women, says interest in Ukrainian girls has increased since the Russian invasion of Ukraine began, from about five inquiries a day to nearly 10.

“Now there are a lot of clients who want Ukrainian girls,” Pavel Stepanets, the Russian who owns the business, told VICE World News. “These customers know that these Ukrainian girls are sad and would consider China a safe place. So the Chinese think these girls will consider looking for a Chinese husband. “

The interest in meetings with Ukrainian women is not unique to Chinese bachelors. Ukraine has a thriving Internet romance industry that connects Western men with Ukrainian women, a process called “brides in the mail.” The perception is that Ukrainian women are more beautiful, less feminist, and would now be willing to marry any average man to get out of a war-torn, economically stagnant country.

For Chinese men, the desire is exacerbated by the desire to be with blond, white women, seen as a symbol of both men’s personal success and China’s rising power.

The most striking example is May Icy, who gained national fame around 2014 after marrying a Ukrainian woman 12 years his junior. For many Chinese, May’s life is an enviable story of a working-class outsider winning a Caucasian woman.

May later started a dating club in Ukraine, charging Chinese men tens of thousands of dollars to connect them with Ukrainian women. In Douyin, China’s TikTok, May shared with the 1.6 million followers the couple’s life at their villa in Ukraine. Most of the videos focus on his wife, as the videos show her dancing, walking the catwalks and swimming in the pool, attracting a stream of jealous comments.

Stepanets launched his dating club in 2017 and charges men between 6,700 and 80,000 Chinese yuan ($ 1,060 to $ 12,700) to reunite with women from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus – women who can speak Mandarin and are more young and beautiful, they are usually “more expensive”. There are currently about 70 Chinese in the club, and according to Stepanets, about eight to nine couples have been married through the service since the club was founded.

Stepanets says the Chinese prefer Eastern European women because they are less demanding of wealth than the Chinese. Men are also striving to produce Caucasian-looking offspring, he said, which is why women with light hair and blue eyes are often preferred.

And among Slavic women, Stepanets said, Ukrainian women are the most sought after.

“Honestly, Ukrainian women are considered one of the most beautiful in the world,” he said. “Everyone knows that.”

While Chinese women who date foreigners are often accused of betraying their country, Chinese women are hailed as heroes because they marry foreign women and make them part of the nation.

The interest of Internet users to see Caucasian women learning Chinese, cooking Chinese food and meeting their Chinese parents-in-law has prompted many Sino-Ukrainian couples to start making this type of video.

Many Chinese complain that they cannot find a mate. China has a distorted gender balance due to many abortions, but also because Chinese women are now more educated and financially independent than before, which makes them reluctant to settle for an unhappy marriage.

“Demographically, there are millions of Chinese who can’t find their soul mate in China because of a one-child policy and an ingrained culture of preferring sons. They are struggling to find a partner, “said Pan Wang, who teaches Chinese and Asian studies at the University of New South Wales.

“At the same time, the distorted gender balance in Ukraine (more women than men) makes women want to find a husband outside Ukraine.”

While Caucasian wives are seen as trophies, non-white women – such as Southeast Asian wives – are often seen as a sign that the man is too poor to attract local or white women, Wang said.

Many Chinese women have expressed anger online over the joke about sheltering Ukrainian women. In a video released last week, a Chinese student in Ukraine said insensitive comments about “Ukrainian beauties” had contributed to anti-Chinese sentiment and endangered Chinese abroad.

Then social platforms, including Weibo, Douyin and WeChat, moved on to erasing jokes about Ukrainian women. State media say the vulgar remarks were made by only a few social networks, but have since been reinforced by anti-Chinese circles.

May, the influential man known for having a Ukrainian wife, closed his accounts after posting war videos that viewers said were not from Ukraine.

Elena Barabantseva, a scientist at the University of Manchester, says the Chinese began publishing jokes about “Ukrainian beauties” during the 2014 conflict in Ukraine’s eastern Donbass region, which is controlled by pro-Russian separatist groups. In fact, Sino-Ukrainian couples remain rare and are often viewed with curiosity by audiences.

The Chinese government has refused to condemn Moscow’s invasion and blamed the conflict on the US-led Western bloc. The Chinese Internet has become dominated by pro-Russian voices, and many people who support peace in Ukraine are silent.

Ukrainian influential people in China, some of whom are wives of Chinese men, are among the few voices to provide an alternative point of view.

The war also had a detrimental effect on Turkish trade

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The war between Russia and Ukraine cut off the trade in clothes, shoes, textiles and leather goods, which are the main goods that Turkey exports to the Russian and Ukrainian markets, BTA reports.

According to the Chamber of Turkish Exporters, Turkish exports to Russia in 2021 amounted to 718 million dollars, and to Ukraine – 308 million dollars.

“In February 2022, lucrative contracts were signed at exhibitions in Kyiv and Moscow. But the war led to their cancellation. Orders from Ukraine stopped. The devaluation of the ruble led to the cancellation of contracts with Russia,” said the chairman of the directorate. the clothing and ready-made clothing sector of the Association of Turkish Chambers of Commerce and Stock Exchanges Sheref Fayat.

In the first week of the war, losses from canceled orders from those sectors of the Turkish economy alone reached about $ 200m. It is estimated that the losses could exceed $ 1 billion if the war continues with the same force.

The war led to a zero point, the so-called suitcase (duty-free) trade of Laleli and Osmanbey in Istanbul, because according to industry representatives, the size of this type of trade is several times higher than official exports (about 2.5-3 billion according to some data), which is carried out through customs.

Half of the capacity of the suitcase trade is realized by clients from Russia and Ukraine. Turkey’s traditional clients in the region, including Belarus, Moldova, Romania and Poland, have also demanded that a large number of applications be canceled due to the war.

Representatives of the sector pointed out that with the devaluation of the ruble there were difficulties in payments to Russian buyers – they offered to pay at the old exchange rate, otherwise it would not be possible to make the payment. And private traders in Osmanbey and Laleli claim that there are many goods on the way at the moment, but their fate is unknown, and it is unclear whether they will be able to get their money.

Turkish businessmen in Russia have also fallen into disrepair over the war, according to Sinan Yongel, chairman of the United Brands Association.

According to him, there are more than 650 Turkish brand stores in Russia, but at the moment they are experiencing great difficulties with money transfers.

“Hundreds of pairs of shoes remained in the boxes, as we had prepared them for shipment. But no one – neither from Russia nor from Ukraine is looking for us, does not want anything. It’s war, people are dying and they don’t care about clothes or shoes. Bad, bad, we pray this empty war ends sooner, “said Emir Cengiz, owner of a small shoe store.

Traces of an ancient civilization “ahead of its time” have been found in China

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An international team of archaeologists has excavated the well-preserved prehistoric site of Xiamabei in northern China. Numerous stone tools, fossils, ocher and red pigments have been found there, indicating the existence of an innovative culture of about 40,000 years, writes Phys.org. The study was published in the journal Nature. Archaeological excavations have been carried out in the Nihevan River basin. It was there that scientists identified traces of “innovative behavior and unique tools.”

This human culture was not previously known to science. Most striking is its age – it is about 40 thousand years. Incidentally, other recent studies suggest that the first members of the species Homo sapiens may have arrived in North Asia about 40,000 years ago. Until now, however, nothing has been known about the life or cultural adaptation of these ancient peoples, nor about their possible interaction with archaic human groups. The findings of the Xiamabei site shed new light on the history of Asian settlement. In addition, scholars note that Xiamabei differs from any other well-known archeological site in China in that it has a fundamentally new set of cultural features. For example, the earliest known evidence of ocher cultivation in East Asia has been found here. A unique set of various stone tools has been excavated here that have not been found anywhere else in China. Finds like these point to cultural innovation. “The ability of hominins to live in the northern latitudes, with cold and highly seasonal conditions, is probably due to the evolution of culture in the form of economic, social and symbolic adaptations,” said Dr. Shixia Yang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “The Xiamabei finds help us understand these adaptations and their potential role in human migration.” One of the important cultural features, scientists point to artifacts that indicate the widespread use of ocher. The analysis showed that different species of this natural mineral were brought to Xiamabei from other regions and treated by crushing and abrasion. In other words, the ancients made powders, which they then used to paint various objects, including the walls and floors of their homes. This was a real production process – an unprecedented phenomenon for this period.

Stone tools are also a fundamentally new cultural adaptation. The fact is that most of these tools have been minimized. More than half of the cannons found are less than 20 millimeters in size. There are clear signs that these tools had handles. They have been used for drilling, scraping skins, planing plant material and cutting soft animal tissues. This means that the inhabitants of the ancient settlement made multifunctional tools equipped with handles, which is an innovative technology for those times. A study of the dwellings of the ancients also shows that this society had a complex social system. Unfortunately, the remains of people at the Xiamabei site have not yet been found. This would shed light on the species of the ancient inhabitants of these places. But according to circumstantial evidence, scientists have established that Homo sapiens were the inhabitants of Xiamabei.

Photo: Ocher parts and equipment for processing stone and red pigment. Fa-Gang Wang, Francesco d’Errico / Wang et al. Nature

Muslims in Ukraine address Ramzan Kadyrov

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Kremlin.ru, CC BY 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

The leader of the Muslim community in Ukraine, Sheikh Said Ismagilov, addressed Russian Muslims who have been mobilized in the Russian army.

“Why did you come to kill us? Why are you sending your thugs to kill us ?! ” Sheikh Said Ismagilov said this in a video address.

He said Ukraine does not need “rescue”. He accused Russian forces of firing on a mosque and killing Muslims.

He thus replied to Russian President Vladimir Putin, who justified his military invasion of the West on the grounds that he was fighting Nazism.

Sheikh Saeed Ismagilov did not fail to ask Muslims around the world to support Ukraine’s struggle for survival.

In the first days of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ramzan Kadyrov did not acknowledge the mobilization of Chechen fighters, but only announced on March 1 that two Chechens had died in Ukraine.

For its part, Ukraine’s ground forces have circulated on social media urging personnel to stay in Ukraine.

What did dinosaurs get sick with: did they have a cough, runny nose, or toothache?

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In 2022, researchers found evidence for the first time that dinosaurs suffered from respiratory infections. It turned out that the ancient lizards endured the flu in the same way as we do today – cough, fever, runny nose. Hi-Tech is figuring out what else dinosaurs suffered from and whether it is similar to modern diseases.

Toothache, flu and cancer – even dinosaurs were afraid of getting sick with this.

Did dinosaurs get sick?

Yes, they hurt quite often. Researchers do not always have enough data to understand why a particular dinosaur died, but it is believed that most died from natural causes. Unfortunately, diagnosing the diseases that caused dinosaurs is difficult because their organs and soft tissues have not been preserved.

What hurt dinosaurs?

•             Cancer

When scientists find dinosaur fossils, they are often in the shape of bones. Sometimes it is possible to detect traces of soft tissues – they are quite unusual and vague. There are several diseases that leave marks on the bones, one of them is cancer.

The researchers found the coccyx of a dinosaur with traces of two different bone tumors:

Scientists discovered the cancer when they examined a 90-million-year-old bone: they found a small, button-shaped bony protrusion on it. The authors decided to investigate the strange bump, which measured only 8.6 by 7.5 mm.

They found signs of two benign tumors. One of them is osteoma, a benign bone tumor. In most cases, it is not malignant. The other is a hemangioma, a harmless vascular tumor.

This discovery shows that dinosaurs develop tumors. For example, brachylophosaurus, gilmoreosaurus, bactrosaurus, and edmontosaurus, all duck-billed dinosaurs, have signs of hemangiomas. Various individuals of the genus Edmontosaurus also showed evidence of desmoplastic fibroma, a rare bone tumor, as well as osteoblastoma, bone cancer, and metastatic cancer.

Toothache

A well-preserved Tyrannosaurus Rex was diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the jaw – a purulent infectious and inflammatory process that captures all the structural components of the jawbone and leads to osteonecrosis.

Tristan Otto, an employee of the Natural History Museum in Berlin, during a general examination using tomography and X-ray technology, found out that there was a thickening on the left dentary. It extends to the root of one of the teeth. Further analysis confirmed that the dinosaur had neoplastic osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone.

Researchers believe that this disease affected the force of the dinosaur’s bite. Usually it is 35 thousand newtons. For comparison, the maximum human bite force is about 700 newtons.

Flu

The researchers found that dinosaurs survived the influenza pandemic 100 million years before they completely died out. Signs of a respiratory illness similar to the flu were found in the bones of Diplodocus.

Experts believe the disease has spread rapidly among the animals. She caused typical symptoms – cough, sneezing and fever, breathing problems, runny nose.

Scientists note that dinosaurs had air sacs in their bones that helped them breathe, which means that respiratory diseases could spread there.

So far, paleontologists do not know which microorganism caused flu-like symptoms. But it is assumed that it is similar to the one that affects modern birds and people.

Dinosaurs died from an infection?

Researchers do not believe that dinosaurs became extinct due to any kind of infection. First, dinosaurs that could not fly were a very diverse group of animals, they lived on several continents at once. Therefore, it is difficult to find a pathogen that would destroy such a diverse and widespread group of living beings.

Second, the often overlooked fact is that the Cretaceous and Paleogene extinctions didn’t just wipe out the dinosaurs, they wiped out at least 75% of all species on Earth. Not just dinosaurs, but a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes on land and in the oceans, so the virus couldn’t do it.

The generally accepted hypothesis is the fall of an asteroid or comet on the territory of the present Yucatan Peninsula. Other researchers point to a powerful burst of volcanic activity in what is now India. As a result, a province was formed, which is called the Deccan Traps.

Studying the history of respiratory diseases will help to understand the characteristics and evolution of the microorganisms that cause the disease – this will improve our methods of dealing with them, as well as preventing mass infection. In addition, the disease can affect fossils preserved from different species. Some of them will contain signs of a past disease – studying their features will help experts learn more about the time in which this or that organism lived.

Forests in Germany have fallen by 5% in three years

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The trees have either dried up naturally or have been cut down as an emergency measure, as is the practice in infecting them with pests.

Satellite images have shown that forests in Germany have decreased by almost 5% from January 2018 to April 2021, the German Aerospace Center said, quoted by DPA.

The reason for the loss of almost 501,000 hectares of forests is mainly “unusually extreme periods of heat and drought, which in turn have created favorable conditions for infection with harmful insects,” said the Center.

The satellite images were taken by the Sentinel-2 apparatus of the European Copernicus program and the American Landsat 8 for loss estimation.

Coniferous forests in Central Germany are most affected. The most densely populated German state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the western part of the country has lost more than a quarter of its spruce forests, and in some areas the losses are up to two-thirds.

The trees have either dried up naturally or have been cut down as an emergency measure, as is the practice when infecting them with pests. In the case of spruces, bark beetles are left without food and their spread is stopped.

Deciduous trees often recover from pest infestations, but conifers do not.

International Orthodox Charity raises funds to support Ukraine

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The International Agency for Humanitarian Aid and Development (IOCC) at the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States is organizing a donation campaign in response to the needs caused by the war in Ukraine.

Given the scale of the crisis, the International Orthodox Charity has started raising at least $ 1 million from private donations.

The IOCC works with partners both in the country and across the region to help address emerging needs, while planning long-term initiatives. Initially, efforts were focused on providing generators and fuel, flashlights, batteries and spark plugs. Families with young children will also receive baby diapers.

International Orthodox Charity is currently working with on-site partners in Romania and Moldova to welcome refugees arriving from Ukraine.

“We have sent our teams to the area and are coordinating with local churches. We will provide emergency supplies of food, water, camp beds, mattresses, blankets and bed linen, baby food and diapers, plus other hygiene and sanitary materials. “International Orthodox charity always strives to provide humanitarian aid responsibly and effectively,” said IOCC Executive Director Constantin M. Triantafilu.

“We are grateful to be able to mobilize quickly – both in Ukraine and abroad – to help people in dire need. A campaign of this magnitude will allow the IOCC to adapt and respond even more effectively to changing needs, ”added Mr Triantafilu.

The Orthodox Church in America is joining forces with the Polish Orthodox Church to raise funds for refugees from Ukraine.

Anyone wishing to make a donation in support of the people of Ukraine can do so at: iocc.org/ukraine22.

Source: International Orthodox Christian Charities

The color of cats affects the fate of their owner

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Do you love cats? Ah, do you have? If you have a pet cat, you can learn a lot about yourself from him. According to experts, the cat has a mission in the life of its owner and he did not choose it by chance, but subconsciously. To determine what it is, the color of a cat’s fur is taken into account. See which color is responsible for what.

a black cat

If you have one, you probably don’t believe the claim that black cats are bad luck. The truth is that they are the ones who protect their owner and home from evil forces and energy. The black cat protects against spells and curses. It will give you wisdom, open your eyes and teach you how to avoid trouble. The black cat is a blessing you can have in your home.

Gray cat

Their mission is to bring harmony, comfort and love to your home. They calm passions, reduce disputes and conflicts. They calm down. If you have a gray cat, you will always find balance. If you live with your partner, your relationship will be harmonious.

White cat

These are cats that have healing powers. White is a symbol of health and longevity. Your cat probably likes to sit inside you or step on and snuggle in places where it hurts. Do not think that she is just resting – she heals you and charges you with positive energy.

Striped cat

One of the most common types of coloring when it comes to cats. It is characterized by a strong connection with the other world. Expect sharpening of intuition, signals and signs of fate with such a cat. Many things will probably seem random to you, but they will not be.

Red cat

Sunny cats that charge their owner and the home in which they live with positive energy and mood. You will be very lucky, thanks to which you will be able to achieve all your goals. Don’t wonder who is behind all this – your cat, of course.

Multicolored cat

This refers to a lighter body with dark paws, ears, snout and tail. These are the cats of longevity. If your pet belongs to this type, then expect success in work and business.

Tricolor cat

This is the cat of happiness. Problems will start to pass you by, you will enjoy healthy and stable relationships in love, work and everywhere else, you will notice an increase in your income. You will feel at peace with yourself and the world. You will just be happy.

It turns out that pets can be good for our health, especially cats. Useful for children Pets make children friendlier and more attentive in communicating with people. They are good for children’s health in the long run. A team from the Johns Hopkins Institute of Pediatric Allergology and Immunology has shown that a domestic cat reduces a child’s risk of developing allergies simply because they are exposed to more allergens such as cat hair at home.

They lower the blood pressure

Cats and dogs reduce our daily stress, and with it our blood pressure. A study of 240 married couples shows that cat or dog owners have a slower heart rate and lower blood pressure. They remain low even under stress factors.

The heart loves them

The cat also has a good effect on the heart. A study found that people who have never seen a cat are more likely to have a heart attack than those who have ever had a domestic cat. According to scientists, this risk is 30% higher.

Faster healing

The purring of the cat fills us with warmth and tenderness that soothes. However, according to the latest research by scientists at the University of California, cats also accelerate recovery. The reason – they purr in a certain range – from 25 to 150 Hz. For our body, this range has been proven to be healing. It is also thought to increase bone density. According to scientists, if you recover from an injury or surgery and have a cat on your lap, you will get to your feet much faster.

Some of the most precious treasures on Earth are covered by the icebergs of Greenland

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The iceberg of Greenland is melting faster than the predictions of women. And this, he understands, arouses great appetites, as under the ice there are incredible treasures – from gold and diamonds – to oil and gas. It is no coincidence that the most powerful countries in the world have already set their sights on Greenland.

The Danish geologist Minic Posing claims that the island is abundantly abundant from the cliffs that lie beneath its surface.

“There is iron dust, gold mine, gold, even platinum. And the climatic changes make the voyage from and to Greenland more and more easy,” he said.

Climate change leads to warmer weather, and higher temperatures lead to melting glaciers. This means that it will be easier for these precious metals to be mined.

The Chinese border guards are still under the jurisdiction of Denmark, and the United States is coming to the point where they want to buy it. The proposal was submitted by Donald Trump during my presidential term. “Greenland, however, is not for sale,” said the Danish minister-in-chief, raising hopes for the United States.

The largest island in the world is really gaining more and more importance – not only because of the treasures under the ice of natural resources, but also because of the fall. Suddenly, new sea routes are emerging, which will significantly shorten the voyages of ships from Asia to Europe and America.

As far as wealth is concerned, it is assumed that Greenland’s reserves account for 13% of the world’s oil reserves and as much as 30% of the world’s oil reserves. Dalboĸo in nedpata as often dpemyat naxodishta na tsinĸ, olovo, zhelyazna pyda, zlato, cpebpo, diamanti, med, niĸel, platina, ypan and pedĸi Metal to ĸato lantan, neodim and itpiy, ĸoito ce izpolzvat charter ppoizvodctvoto na cmaptfoni, vetpogenepatopi and avtomobilni aĸymylatopi.

The battle for the apical island of Greenland is getting worse. The United States and China are fighting for greater influence over the giant, but weakly targeted land, which hopes for complete independence from Denmark, ROLE writes.

“The United States thinks of Greenland as the sticky pap of North America,” said a military analyst for the Scandinavian government. “They don’t want China to step so close to them.” Some people still think that Greenland is the cheapest way to enter the United States – and that on the coast of America.

At the moment, Denmark is spending more than half of the budget of the local government, but the politicians on the island are looking for new ways to fill the budget and us. The hope is that one day Greenland can endure itself.

At the local level, the desire of American, Chinese and Asian investors to make some money is clear. The success of North American and European investments has made the task even more urgent. Previous US President Donald Trump broke up the international community, when a surprise prompted the United States to buy the island. The Autonomous Government of Greenland responds quickly and categorically that the island does not sell.

Trump’s ill-prepared gambit has attracted a flurry, but it also shows how big the pressure in Washington is on China’s measures.

“The main change over the last two years has been that our US ally identifies China as a strategic partner,” he said. “This is what you see in Arctic.” China’s interest in the island “is not a complete war, but in the long run it will scare away the strategic interests of one of our partners.”

Washington pressed Copenhagen last year to block attempts by Chinese companies to modernize the only international airport.

Chinese companies are seeking licenses to mine foreign metals in Greenland, where it is estimated that some of the largest deposits lie outside China, 70 percent.

In the southern part of the island it is calculated that there is 1 billion. tons of mineralized pyda, which has a significant content of earth minerals and ypan. In 2016, the Chinese investor became the largest shareholder in the Australian company, which began to depend on and wait for the decision to be made. At the same time, Washington is pressuring Copenhagen and the authorities in Greenland to test the experience of Chinese investors.

Zаceгa Πeĸin ce oтдpъпнa. However, aid from the United States and the European Union has continued to fail, and typism has not recovered from the pandemic, and China will have a new chance.

The European Union can help by investing a fraction of the aid it gives to developing countries in Africa and other continents.

For now, Brussels does not have a representative in Greenland, although the Dutch government has a small office in the capital of the EC. The Union provides around € 32 million in aid each year, mostly for education.

From the beginning of the crisis, the Commission began to fight for the vulnerability of the EC to a monopoly on deliveries of strategic minerals. This month, Brussels will present a plan for securing, diversifying and recycling key deliveries from critical assets, which will be important.

This report does not mention Greenland, as it is not part of the EU. This underscores why aid for the island is difficult to achieve a political whole in Brussels. Greenland was the first “bottom in the European family”, which became the backbone of the European Economic Community in 1985.

Sledge car “Packard” of the last Russian tsar

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The story of the sleigh car took place at the very beginning of the 20th century, when the engineer Adolf Kegresse entered the service as the personal driver of Nicholas II.

French, he served as a warrant officer and was also in charge of car maintenance.

A prerequisite for the emergence of car sleds. As a result of his work in the first few years, the engineer was surprised that in winter the royal family travels on an old-fashioned sleigh with a horse harness. At the same time, it was logical that it was impossible to use cars in deep snow or on ice.

In order to change the situation, A. Kegresse took up the implementation of a car model suitable for use in winter Russia. A prototype was introduced in 1910. The basis for the sled car was the Mercedes-32/45 hp model. To ensure the vehicle’s passability in winter, the drive wheels were replaced with tracks, and the front axle wheels rested on wide skis.

Technical features of the sled car. The general name of the structure was formed from those composite units that were included in the invention. The “Kegress suspension” was a wheel-tracked propulsion system, where elastic rubber-based tracks were used for the first time.

The components for the caterpillar – rubber tracks – were manufactured at the Triangle plant in St. Petersburg. The assembled prototype was tested on the ice of the frozen Neva in 1913. The car showed confident handling and stable behavior. During the very first test drive, it was possible to develop a speed of 60 km / h.

Based on the tests carried out, documents were submitted for registration of the invention and in May 1913 a patent was obtained. The uniqueness of the development was seen in the possibility of its use on any car of its time. For example, the first almost serial machine-sled was built on the basis of Russo-Balt C24-35.

The tracked part of the sled car structure was a trolley with a driving and a driven wheel on pendulum levers. Additionally, in the middle part, two pairs of carts with road wheels were provided.

The first vehicle to be upgraded to a new chassis was the Packard Twin-Six. It was not only actively used for trips in winter, but in this form it got into the thick of revolutionary events.

The second converted car was a 1916 Rolls-Royce 40/50 hp Silver Ghost. True, the “conversion” happened already at the request of the leader of the revolution V. Lenin in 1919. The car remained in service until the death of the head of the Soviet state, and has survived as a museum exhibit to this day.

As a conclusion. By 1917, there were about 50 cars in the garage of Nicholas II. Some of them had time to go skiing. But nevertheless, the understanding came that this type of equipment could not be massive. And on the eve of the 1917 revolution, the documentation for the tracked-ski structure was transferred to the design bureau of the Putilov plant. Later, after his return to his homeland, Adolphe Kegresse shared the development with Citroen.

Photo: Tracked Packard Twin-Six at the center of revolutionary events