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Galileo to be the first GNSS to offer authentication service worldwide with launch of OSNMA

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Galileo to be the first GNSS to offer authentication service worldwide with launch of OSNMA

Coming at a time when attacks on GNSS signals, such as spoofing, are on the rise, OSNMA provides a critical layer of protection. Spoofing involves the transmission of counterfeit satellite signals that deceive GNSS receivers, potentially resulting in false and unreliable positioning. These events can affect critical applications in transportation, finance, telecommunications, information technology, energy, utilities, manufacturing, health services, emergency services and law enforcement, in which GNSS, and in particular Galileo, is used. In sectors such as aviation or maritime, this can lead to serious safety risks.

The Galileo OSNMA mitigates these threats by allowing users to confirm that the data they receive is genuinely from Galileo and has not been tampered with. It works by embedding cryptographic data, or a digital signature, into the navigation message (I/NAV) broadcast on the E1-B signal.
Because the OSNMA is transmitted in the Galileo Open Service signal, which is already used in most devices, receivers only need to implement the protocol and download the certified public keys from the European GNSS Service Centre (GSC) website. OSNMA service relies as well on the implementation of dedicated logic on the receiver side to guarantee the end-to-end authentication process. The service does not require the storage and management of secret keys on the user side, which facilitates the adoption in different communities. Importantly, the OSNMA mechanism does not alter Galileo’s existing signal structure, ensuring that Open Service navigation performance remains unaffected.

While OSNMA does not prevent spoofing or jamming, it makes spoofing significantly harder by authenticating the data and making the Galileo signal unpredictable and harder to replicate. It also enhances the system’s resilience, giving users an important tool in detecting and responding to threats.

“Stakeholders have clearly articulated a need for more robust GNSS services. The Galileo OSNMA delivers this robustness and, in doing so, provides enhanced security in positioning and timing solutions.“ Rodrigo DA COSTA, EUSPA Executive Director

“The OSNMA Initial Service declaration has been authorised by the EU Space SAB following independent security checks and cooperation with the Programme to define risk mitigation measures. The cooperation between the SAB, the Commission and EUSPA was instrumental to getting through this very important milestone.” Philippe BERTRAND, EU Space Security Accreditation Chair

The launch of Galileo OSNMA marks another milestone in the EU’s commitment to secure and reliable space-based services.

The OSNMA declaration of service follows an extensive testing phase in which GNSS manufacturers, integrators, and application developers assessed the service across diverse scenarios using the Signal in Space (SiS). With this launch, Galileo becomes the first GNSS in the world to offer authentication globally as part of its Open Service — a major step in reinforcing Europe’s leadership in secure satellite navigation.

The OSNMA is provided by EUSPA, the operational service provider for Galileo.

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Operation targeting human trafficking and money laundering: 13 arrests in Romania and Netherlands

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Operation targeting human trafficking and money laundering: 13  arrests in Romania and Netherlands

An organised crime group that took vulnerable women from Romania to the Netherlands for sexual exploitation has been halted thanks to a coordinated operation between Romanian and Dutch authorities, in collaboration with Eurojust. During an action day earlier this month, 13 suspects were arrested in both countries. Four of the suspects have been surrendered from Romania to the Netherlands.

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Terror and chaos for Gaza’s people now entering the ‘death phase’

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Terror and chaos for Gaza’s people now entering the ‘death phase’

In an alert, the UN agency for Palestine refugees, UNRWA, relayed desperate testimonies from its colleagues who are also struggling to survive in the war-torn enclave.

“We’re in the death phase,” one UNRWA worker said. “Everything around people at the moment is death, whether it’s bombs or strikes, children wasting away in front of their eyes from malnourishment, from dehydration, and dying.”

Doctors and nurses who continue to work in the UN agency’s clinics and medical centres “are watching children disappear and die in front of their eyes, and there’s absolutely nothing that they can do about it,” the worker continued.  

Civilians ‘faced sniper and tank-fire’

The development comes after desperate Gazans seeking aid came under fire at the weekend “from Israeli tanks, snipers and other gunfire”, according to the UN World Food Programme (WFP).

In a detailed statement after the incident on Sunday 20 July, it explained that a 25-truck lorry convoy crossed the Zikim border point in northern Gaza “destined for starving communities”.

Shortly after passing the final checkpoint after the Zikim crossing point, the convoy encountered large crowds of civilians waiting to access food supplies. This was when the shooting began, leaving “countless” Gazans dead, WFP said, echoing reports by the health authorities.

Condemning the incident, WFP noted that the victims “were simply trying to access food to feed themselves and their families on the brink of starvation”.

A great tragedy

Speaking later on Monday in a briefing to journalists in New York, WFP’s director of emergencies Ross Smith called the incident “one of the greatest tragedies we’ve seen for our operations in Gaza and elsewhere while we’re trying to work.”

The UN agency said furthermore that the violence had happened “despite assurances from Israeli authorities that humanitarian operational conditions would improve; including that armed forces will not be present nor engage at any stage along humanitarian convoy routes.”

Without such fundamental guarantees, it will not be possible to continue providing life-saving support across the Gaza Strip, WPF said, its reaction coming a day after a reported 36 people seeking aid were reportedly killed close to a Gaza Humanitarian Foundation hub run by the Israeli and US in the south of the Strip. 

Deir Al-Balah evacuation shock

In central Gaza’s Deir Al-Balah, meanwhile, 50,000 to 80,000 people have been impacted by a mass displacement order issued by the Israeli military – the first since war erupted on 7 October 2023.

“The new order cuts through Deir Al-Balah all the way to the Mediterranean Sea, further splintering the Strip,” OCHA said. “It will limit the ability of the UN and our partners to move safely and effectively within Gaza, choking humanitarian access when it is needed most.”

UN staff remain in Deir Al-Balah across “dozens of premises” whose coordinates have been shared with the warring parties. “These locations – as with all civilian sites – must be protected, regardless of displacement orders,” OCHA insisted, as  Israeli tanks reportedly moved into southern and eastern areas of the city.

According to reports, this may be where some of the remaining hostages seized in Hamas-led terror attacks on 7 October 2023 in Israel may still be held.

Gaza cut in two

The latest evacuation order means that almost 88 per cent of Gaza is impacted by displacement orders or falls within Israeli-militarized zones. Some 2.1 million civilians who have been uprooted multiple times are now squeezed into the little remaining space, where essential services have collapsed.

“There’s nowhere for [Gazans] to escape. They are trapped,” said UNRWA Senior Emergency Officer Louise Wateridge. “They cannot leave the Gaza Strip. They’re trying to keep their children alive. They’re trying to keep themselves alive.”

In comments to UN News, the veteran humanitarian explained that no food is available and only very limited water, explaining why so many desperate Gazans risk their lives to fetch aid from the few distribution centres and arrival points still operational.

“Children are malnourished, they’re dehydrated, they are dying in front of their [parents’] eyes,” Ms. Wateridge continued. “The bombs and the strikes are continuing; there’s no way to run, there’s nowhere to hide. There’s no way to escape there.” 

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People who die from the lack of help every day in Gaza: PAM official

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Ross Smith, director of preparation and response to emergency, Ross, informed journalists in New York following a fatal incident on Sunday during which dozens of civilians were killed and injured while waiting to access food as Wfp Conveyed entered the north of Gaza.

“Yesterday’s incident is one of the largest tragedies we have seen for our operations in Gaza and elsewhere while we are trying to work,” he said, speaking of Rome.

“And it’s completely preventable, and it’s an absolute tragedy,” he added.

Famine and malnutrition conditions

The Gaza population amounts to around 2.1 million and earlier this year, food security experts warned that one in five people faced famine.

Smith said that WFP assessments show that a quarter of the population is facing famine conditions. Nearly 100,000 women and children suffer from acute serious malnutrition and need treatment as soon as possible.

Stressing reports, he said that “people are dying for lack of humanitarian aid every day, and we see it degenerating day by day.”

He stressed that food aid and humanitarian aid more widely, are “the only solution for the moment” for Gaza.

Minimum operating conditions

Smith said that humanitarian workers have a set of minimum operating conditions that must be in place so that they can work effectively.

These include points in Gaza, “appropriate routing” inside the enclave so that the teams can move independently and the entrance to more than 100 aid trucks per day.

“We must also have armed players near the food distribution points, near our convoys and close to the movement of these convoys from one place to another,” he continued, while stressing the need to reach people where they are and not in otherwise predetermined places.

“And I would especially say that we have had agreements in principle on these things, but we did not have any membership of them in practice in Gaza herself. And this is really where the rupture is, and this is where we see incidents as (yesterday) take place, “he said.

Ceasefire now

Mr. Smith also underlined the critical need for a ceasefire “so that we can move effectively”.

In response to the question of a journalist, he said that WFP had moved more than 200 assistance trucks per day in Gaza during the ceasefire earlier this year. Since mid-May, he has been able to move less than 10% of what is necessary.

He said that the United Nations agency has sufficiently pre-positioned stocks outside Gaza to provide the whole population for two months “if we can get a ceasefire and if we can move. »»

Originally published at Almouwatin.com

World News in Brief: Houthi-Israel Tensions, cases of Sudan cholera increase, deadly attacks in Ukraine

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These strikes occurred while the United Nations mission to support the Hudaydah agreement -Created in 2018 to support the ceasefire between the government of Yemen and the Houthis-patrolled in places in the northern parts of the port.

The secretary general also expressed a deep concern about missiles and drones of drones led by Houthis against Israel.

Risk of new escalation

Concerned about the risk of a new escalation, the UN recalled that international law, as well as international humanitarian law, should be respected by all parties at any time, including the obligations to respect and protect civil infrastructure.

“The secretary general remains deeply concerned about the risk of a new escalation in the region,” said Dujarric.

While the UN chief reiterated his call for “all the persons involved in ceasing all military actions and to exercise maximum reservoir”, he also renewed his appeal to the immediate and unconditional liberation of all the United Nations and other members of the staff arbitrarily detained by the Houthi authorities.

Sudan: the crisis is getting worse while cholera and floods must be higher

The humanitarian crisis in Sudan continues to deepen as cholera spreads, flooding moves communities and thousands of people return to areas without support, according to the United Nations Bureau for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Ochha).

In the locality of Tawiola, in the state of Darfur du Nord, more than 1,300 confirmed cases of cholera in just a week were reported on Sunday by an association of Sudanese doctors.

Although local and international partners have set up cholera treatment centers, the current capacity is far from sufficient to deal with the increasing workload.

While Tawila welcomes several hundred thousand displaced people, the partners in the field have trouble keeping the pace of increasing needs, especially as such needs should increase as the next rainy season sets up.

Vulnerable return

Everywhere in Sudan, people who return to their communities are faced with serious challenges, including the lack of essential services and the threat posed by the explosive remains of the war.

In the state of the white Nile, some residents began to come back after being moved for a year. However, an evaluation of the OCHA and its partners last week revealed that health, water, sanitation and hygiene support are urgently necessary, even more before the rainy season.

Likewise, in East Sudan, OCHA warns that many families returning to the state of Kassala have trouble facing the impact of heavy rains and floods, while heavy rains destroyed more than 280 houses in the village of Tirik earlier in July.

In addition, while insecurity continues to interfere with the work of humanitarian workers, the challenges faced by repatriated families often lead them to return to travel sites, undergoing the sustainability of return efforts.

In this context, the OCHA called for increased international support to meet the arrow needs of Sudan.

Ukraine: at least 20 civilians would have been killed in recent attacks

In Ukraine, attacks during the weekend and Monday would have killed more than 20 civilians and injured more than 100 other people, including several children, according to the authorities.

The strikes affected the capital kyiv, as well as the western and first -line regions, harmful houses, schools and a health facility.

In Kyiv, a kindergarten, metro stations, stores and residential buildings was affected.

The Ivano-Frakivsk region in western Ukraine, which welcomed many displaced people and had been less affected by hostilities, suffered the greatest attack since the Russian invasion on a large scale in February 2022.

First line regions

Meanwhile, in areas close to the fronts of the Donetsk, Dnipro and Kherson regions, hostilities have caused civilian victims and other damage to schools, a health facility and apartments. Odesa, Kharkiv, Sumy and other regions also said that houses and stores had been destroyed.

With the support of the United Nations agencies and coordination with local authorities and first respondents, humanitarian organizations in the field continue to provide shelter equipment, non -food articles, legal aid, psychosocial support and assistance to children across the country.

Originally published at Almouwatin.com

Syria: current violence fueling mass movement in Sweida

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More than 93,000 Syrians have been moved through SweidaThe governor of Dar’a Voisin and Rural Damascus due to the climbing of violence in the city, said UN spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric, during the daily newspaper on Monday in New York.

Sweida’s most displaced people remain with local communities or in one of the 15 reception centers, while around 30 collective shelters opened in Dar’a.

Infrastructure and services suffer in the region. Some Sweida Hospitals and Health Centers are out of service, water infrastructure has been seriously damaged, significant electricity cuts have been reported and access to food is disrupted.

Delivery of initial aid

On Sunday, the first aid convoy deployed by the Syrian Arab Arab Croissant reached Sweida and the Salkhad district in the city, where most displaced people are looking for security.

The convoy of 32 trucks carried food, water, medical supplies and fuel provided by the World Food Program (Wfp), the United Nations Children’s Fund (Unicef) and other partners.

The United Nations Coordinator of the United Nations Tom Fletcher welcomed This initial delivery on social networks, claiming that it was a “first step desperately necessary, but much more relief is necessary”.

Mr. Dujarric stressed that, as the UN is committed to the relevant parties to facilitate humanitarian access and ensure the protection of civilians, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Ochha) Work with the authorities to facilitate a direct visit to Sweida to provide assistance when the security conditions allow.

Mr. Fletcher echoes this feeling, saying that the Ocha teams “are mobilized to move as much as possible”.

“We continue to urge all the parties to protect people who have been taken in violence, including by allowing them to freely move to security and medical assistance,” concluded Dujarric.

Originally published at Almouwatin.com

Operation targeting human trafficking and money laundering: 13 arrests in Romania and Netherlands

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Operation targeting human trafficking and money laundering: 13  arrests in Romania and Netherlands

An organised crime group that took vulnerable women from Romania to the Netherlands for sexual exploitation has been halted thanks to a coordinated operation between Romanian and Dutch authorities, in collaboration with Eurojust. During an action day earlier this month, 13 suspects were arrested in both countries. Four of the suspects have been surrendered from […]

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Dreams amid the rubble: Gaza’s women speak of homes, loss and hungry children

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Dreams amid the rubble: Gaza’s women speak of homes, loss and hungry children

In Gaza City, families living in tents reveal a shared, grim reality.

Many have been forced to flee the fighting dozens of times. Most find themselves homeless and hungry while facing an uncertain future.

Khadija Manoun and her daughter in the space she uses as a kitchen inside a destroyed building.

Khadija Manoun: Kitchen of life’s leftovers

Khadija Manoun said she and her family have moved more than 20 times, from Jabalia in the northern Gaza Strip to a destroyed building in western Gaza, in search of shelter. She had owned a new fully furnished house, which she had built with a bank loan.

“I furnished my house well, with tiles and electrical appliances,” she said. “It had only been three years since I had the house. Then the war came and everything was lost.”

Today, everything has changed, Ms. Manoun said. Her spacious, fully equipped kitchen is now just a corner in the rubble, where a solitary soap dish borrowed from a neighbour sits. Metal utensils have been replaced with plastic tea containers to serve 10 people.

The bathroom was reduced to a corner covered with pieces of cloth that had been blankets. Her dressing room is now home to tattered suitcases.

“This is now my closet where I put everything,” she said. “I had a bedroom that had cost me 10,000 shekels.”

Her family sleeps on simple mattresses. Clean drinking water is a luxury that Khadija chases after, running between trucks, often returning with empty containers.

Amid all this, she sometimes reminisces, scrolling through photos on her mobile phone of her old home and the meals they used to eat.

Badriya Barrawi, a displaced person in Gaza, is living among the ruins of destroyed buildings.

Badriya Barrawi, a displaced person in Gaza, is living among the ruins of destroyed buildings.

Badriya Barawi: Exhausted by hunger

In her modest tent on the beach west of Gaza City, Badriya Barawi, from Beit Lahia, sits, arranging what remains of her life. Tears stream from her eyes.

“Have mercy on us,” she said. “We are fed up and exhausted, mentally and physically. We can’t bear it any longer. How long will this life go on?”

She says her children are crying from the heat and hunger.

“We haven’t had bread for three days. This morning, I fed the children hummus, but is that enough for their stomachs?” said Ms. Barawi, who suffers from high blood pressure and diabetes.

She said she collapses daily from a lack of food.

Hiyam Zayed is displaced from Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip.

Hiyam Zayed is displaced from Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip.

Hiyam Zayed: Trampled garden of dreams

In a nearby tent, Hiyam Zayed and her eight daughters eat lentil soup without bread. Describing her former home, she said there were six rooms and a garden.

“I was happy in my home,” she said. “My daughters and I used to have fun there. They played on the roof or inside the rooms. We had a beautiful garden in front of the house, and we grew plants and ate its produce and raised chickens. My daughters were very happy. We fed them the best food and dressed them in the best clothes.”

She also said she used to have a washing machine, a fully equipped kitchen and a refrigerator “full of goodies”.

Now, everything is gone.

“No food, no washing machine, no feelings: we’ve become depressed,” she added.

“My daughters wear the worst clothes. I can’t find a way to bathe them. I used to turn on the water tap at home and water would run for drinking or bathing. Now, we live in a tent in the sand. I light a fire to cook after I used to have gas. I borrow cooking utensils.”

“How are we to blame for what happened, and who bears responsibility?” Ms. Zayed asked. “What is my fault and my children’s fault when we are displaced from one place to another and they die of hunger?”

Hiyam's daughters eating a lunch of lentil soup, without bread, where they live, inside a destroyed building.

Hiyam’s daughters eating a lunch of lentil soup, without bread, where they live, inside a destroyed building.

Mass displacement

According to UN reports, more than two million Palestinians –the population of Gaza – live in about 15 per cent of the Strip’s area after the war caused widespread destruction of infrastructure and homes.

International organizations have warned that the continuation of the conflict threatens to have “catastrophic consequences” in the near term.

That includes a serious impact on children’s mental and physical health, the spread of disease and the disintegration of social structures.

This amid the absence of any clear path towards a political or humanitarian solution.

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Gaza: Guterres condemns the murder of people looking for food while humanitarian conditions deteriorate

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Stéphane Dujarric addressed journalists at the UN headquarters in New York one day after dozens of Palestinians were killed in search of food aid.

He said the Secretary -General deplored growing children and adults suffering from malnutrition and strongly condemned current violence, including shooting, murder and injury of people who are trying to have food.

Not a target

“” Civilians must be protected and respected, and they should never be targeted“Said Mr. Dujarric, noting that the population of Gaza remains seriously underemployed with the basic necessities of life.

He stressed that “Israel has the obligation to authorize and facilitate all means at its disposal the humanitarian recovery provided by the United Nations and other humanitarian organizations.”

Dujarric said the Secretary -General noted that recent hostilities intensified while the humanitarian system in Gaza is hampered, mined and threatened.

New evacuation orders

He underlined a new evacuation order issued for certain parts of Deir al-Balah, which pushes people in more desperate conditions and arouses additional displacement, while restricting the capacity of the UN to provide aid.

He reported that two UN guest houses in Deir al-Balah had been struck, despite the informed parties of their location.

“They have suffered damage,” he said, answering the question of a journalist. “The UN staff inside was, to say the least, shaken. »»

Mr. Dujarric stressed that the UN intends to stay at Deir al-Balah.

Ceasefire now

The secretary general reiterated his urgent call for the protection of civilians, including humanitarian staff, and for the supply of essential resources to ensure their survival.

He again called for the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages.

Dujarric said the UN was ready to considerably increase its humanitarian operations in Gaza, adding that “time for a ceasefire is now”.

People who die of malnutrition

In the midst of bombing, trips and destruction in progress in Gaza, humanitarian workers continue to receive reports from seriously malnutric persons arriving at medical points and healthy hospitals.

More than a dozen people, including children, have been hungry in the past 24 hours, according to the Gaza health agencies.

The United Nations Office for Humanitarian Affairs Coordination (Ochha) Recalled that around 88% Gaza is now under travel orders or in travel areas.

Shelter and fuel

The Gaza population is around 2.1 million and approximately 1.35 million need shelters and household items. However, no shelter supply has been allowed to enter for more than four months.

The disastrous fuel crisis also continues, the humanitarian workers continuing to warn that the limited quantities that have been authorized to enter in recent days are hardly sufficient.

Traditional critical aid systems: UN official

Meanwhile, the new United Nations humanitarian coordinator for the occupied Palestinian territory, Ramiz Alakbarov, met the Prime Minister of the State of Palestine, Mohammad Mustafa, in Ramallah.

At a press conference, Dr. Alakbarov called for an immediate and permanent ceasefire, the unconditional hostage release and the lifting of all restrictions on access to people in Gaza.

He said he met immediate needs, humanitarian organizations must be able to use traditional aid delivery systems.

He noted that these systems are currently compromised by violence, including armed looting and recurring shootings in civilians asking for help. which, according to him, must be the subject of an independent investigation.

Originally published at Almouwatin.com

Dreams in the middle of the rubble: Gaza women talk about houses, loss and hungry children

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In Gaza City, families living in tents reveal a shared and dark reality.

Many have been forced to flee the fights of tens of times. Most are homeless and hungry while facing an uncertain future.

Khadija Manoun and her daughter in the space she uses as a kitchen inside a destroyed building.

Khadija Manoun: Kitchen of the remains of life

Khadija Manoun said that she and her family had moved more than 20 times, from Jabalia in the north of the Gaza Strip in a building destroyed in west of Gaza, in search of a shelter. She had had a new fully furnished house, which she had built with a bank loan.

“I provided my house well, with tiles and electrical devices,” she said. “It’s been only three years since I had the house. Then the war came and everything was lost. ”

Today, everything has changed, said Ms. Manoun. Its spacious and fully equipped kitchen is now just a corner in the rubble, where a lonely soap dish borrowed from a neighbor is seated. Metal utensils have been replaced by plastic tea containers to serve 10 people.

The bathroom was reduced to a corner covered with pieces of fabric that had been blankets. His dressing room is now home to shreds.

“It is now my closet where I put everything,” she said. “I had a room that cost me 10,000 shekels.”

His family sleeps on simple mattresses. Drinking water is a luxury Khadija pursues, flowing between trucks, often returning with empty containers.

In the middle of all this, she sometimes remembers, scrolling the photos on her mobile phone from her old house and the meals they ate.

Badriya Barrawi, a person moved to Gaza, lives among the ruins of destroyed buildings.

Badriya Barawi: exhausted by hunger

In his modest tent on the beach west of Gaza City, Badriya Barawi, Beit Lahia, is, arranging what remains of her life. Tears flow from his eyes.

“Have mercy on us,” she said. “We are fed up and exhausted, mentally and physically. We can no longer bear it. How long will this life continue? ”

She says her children cry from heat and hunger.

“We haven’t had bread for three days. This morning, I nourished children’s hummus, but is it enough for their stomach? said Ms. Barawi, who suffers from high blood pressure and diabetes.

She said she collapses daily for lack of food.

Hiyam Zayed is moved from Beit Lahia in the north of the Gaza Strip.

Hiyam Zayed: Garden of Broken Dreams

In a neighboring tent, Hiyam Zayed and his eight daughters eat a lens soup without bread. Describing her old house, she said there were six bedrooms and a garden.

“I was happy with me,” she said. “My daughters and I am amused there. They played on the roof or inside the rooms. We had a beautiful garden in front of the house, and we cultivated plants and ate its products and raised with chickens. My daughters were very happy. We have nourished the best food and dressed them in the best clothes. ”

She also said that she had a washing machine, a fully equipped kitchen and a “goodie” refrigerator.

Now everything has gone.

“No food, no washing machine, no feelings: we have become depressed,” she added.

“My daughters wear the worst clothes. I can’t find a way to bathe them. I used to light the water tap at home and the water would run to drink or bathe. Now we live in a tent in the sand. I light a fire to cook after getting used to gas. I borrow utensils. “

“How do we want to blame what happened and who is responsible?” Ms. Zayed asked. “What is my fault and the fault of my children when we move from one place to another and they die of hunger?”

Hiyam’s girls eat a lens soup lunch, without bread, where they live, inside a destroyed building.

Mass displacement

According to UN reports, more than two million Palestinians – the population of Gaza – live in around 15% of the strip area after the war, the general destruction of infrastructure and houses.

International organizations have warned that the continuation of the conflict is threatening to have short -term “catastrophic consequences”.

This includes a serious impact on the mental and physical health of children, the spread of the disease and the disintegration of social structures.

This in the midst of the absence of any clear path towards a political or humanitarian solution.

Originally published at Almouwatin.com