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Climate change in Europe: facts and figures

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European Parliament
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Climate change in Europe: facts and figures

Find out the key facts and statistics about climate change in Europe: regional impact, top emitters, the reduction of greenhouse gases and more.

Climate change is a global issue, but how is it affecting Europe? Discover facts and figures highlighting different aspects of this issue: causes, consequences and evolution.

The EU’s biggest greenhouse gases emitters: countries and sectors

The EU is the world’s third-largest greenhouse gases emitter after China and the United States and followed by India, Russia and Japan (2015).

Within the EU, the top five emitters in 2019 were Germany, France, Italy, Poland and Spain. The energy sector was responsible for 77.01% of greenhouse gases emissions in the EU in 2019, followed by agriculture (10.55%), industry (9.10%) and the waste sector (3.32%).

Discover more data in our infographic on greenhouse gas emissions by country and sector in the EU

Evolution of the EU’s greenhouses gases emissions since 1990

In 2008 the EU set a target to cut greenhouse gas emissions emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. Much progress has been made: in 2015 there was already a decrease of 22% compared with 1990 levels.

In 2014, the EU set a new objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. According to the European Environmental Agency, the projected reductions based on the state of play of EU measures in 2017 will fall short of the target. It estimates there will be a decrease of about 30% in 2030.

Check out our infographics on the EU’s progress towards reaching its 2020 climate change targets

The impact of climate change on Europe

Climate change is already affecting Europe in various forms, depending on the region. It can for example lead to biodiversity loss, forest fires, decreasing crop yields and higher temperatures. It can also affect people’s health. For instance, people people can die as a result of heatwaves.

Check out our map showing how climate change is affecting different European regions

Transport emissions in the EU: facts and figures

Transport is the only sector in which emissions are still higher than they were in 1990.

Transport is responsible for nearly 30% of the EU’s total CO2 emissions, of which 72% comes from road transport.

CO2 emission from cars

Cars and vans produce about 15% of the EU’s CO2 emissions. With an average of 1.7 people per car in Europe, other modes of transport, such as buses, are currently a cleaner alternative. However, modern cars could be among the cleanest modes of transport if shared rather than being used for just one person.

Discover more data in our infographic on CO2 emissions from cars

Emissions from planes and ships

International aviation and shipping each account for less than 3.5% of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions, but have been the fastest growing source of emissions. Emissions from planes are projected to be up to 10 times higher in 2050 compared to 1990 while emissions from ships could increase by up to 50%.

Find out more in our infographic about emissions from planes and ships

Timeline of UN climate negotiations

The EU is a key player in UN climate change talks and has signed the Paris agreement. All EU countries are also signatories, but they coordinate their positions and set common emission reduction goals at the EU level.

Check out our timeline of climate change negotiations

Health on Earth: a healthy planet benefits us all – World Health Day 2022

By
Newsroom
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a colored drawing, representing the earth with the title:Our planet, our health
World Health Day 2022 © WHO Europe

On this World Health Day, WHO/Europe calls on everyone to come together and recognize the importance of our planet, for the sake of our health and that of the generations to come.

More than 13 million deaths around the world, including 1.4 million in Europe each year, are caused by avoidable environmental factors, WHO estimates. This figure takes into account the accelerating climate crisis, which is the single biggest health threat facing humanity, but also includes air pollution, inadequate sanitation and clean water, exposure to chemicals and radiation, and unsafe urban environments.

Our planet, our health

Our environment provides the fundamental requirements for life: clean air and water, safe food, and shelter. Nature is both the origin of infectious and vector-borne diseases and the source of medicines, including many antibiotics. Human impact on the environment is increasing the risk of emerging infectious diseases in humans, over 60% of which originate from animals, mainly from wildlife. Reducing biodiversity may also increase disease transmission.

Human activities such as deforestation, trade and consumption of wildlife, and international travel are thought to have led to the emergence of COVID-19 and facilitated its global spread. Plans for post-COVID-19 recovery, and specifically plans to reduce the risk of future epidemics, therefore need to go further upstream than early detection and control of disease outbreaks. They also need to lessen our impact on the environment to reduce the risk at its source. The concept of One Health recognizes this interconnectedness between all people, animals, plants and their shared environment on planet Earth.

Healthier environments support healthier people

“Improving our natural and built environments, where we live, work, learn and play, can bring both immediate and long-term benefits for our health and well-being. This World Health Day is an opportunity to think how we can create healthier cities and communities, with more green and blue spaces that support active recreation, offer the chance to relax and promote mental health,” said Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe.

“We also need to reduce car dependency, improve public transport, and increase safe walking and cycling,” he added.
In many places, reduced economic and transport activities brought about by measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 resulted in the short term in cleaner air, reduced carbon emissions, less noise and greater safety for cyclists and pedestrians. This is proof that the power is in our hands to improve our environment, and that we can build back better as we recover from the pandemic.
Air pollution is the single most important environmental risk factor to human health. WHO estimates that around 7 million premature deaths every year are due to the effects of air pollution, and more than 500 000 of those deaths occur in the WHO European Region.

This makes air pollution, along with tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets and insufficient physical activity, a leading risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. NCDs cause 90% of all deaths in the European Region, but their risk factors can be prevented or controlled with a number of highly effective and low-cost policies and interventions.

Some air pollutants are short-lived climate pollutants, which are linked with both negative health effects and near-term warming of the planet. Thus, almost all efforts to improve air quality will also enhance climate action, and almost all climate change mitigation efforts will in turn improve air quality, with immediate health benefits that greatly amplify the return on investments.

Tobacco use has broad environmental consequences beyond the devastation of tobacco-caused diseases. Tobacco growing destroys trees and damages soil, and tobacco manufacturing produces toxic waste. Its use pollutes the air and the surfaces inside our homes. Cigarette butts and other tobacco waste poison marine life, contaminate beaches and waterways, and foul our urban living spaces.

Policies and actions that are local and international

We can do so much to improve our environments and our health by taking action close to where we live and emphasizing the role of local levels of government. For more than 30 years, the WHO European Healthy Cities Network and the Regions for Health Network have been pioneering drivers of change, creating healthier urban settings that support the well-being of the people and communities that use them.

Within a complex world of multiple tiers of government, numerous sectors working towards similar goals, and many stakeholders involved in the pursuit of health and well-being, cities and regions are uniquely placed to provide leadership. They are showing that global problems can be addressed at a local level.

The Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development recently recommended the adoption of a One Health policy recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health. The Commission’s report calls on policy-makers to draw inspiration from those working to tackle environmental issues in order to set societies on the right track for future generations.

So, let’s not only imagine a #HealthierTomorrow – on World Health Day, let’s make it happen.

World Health Day 2022

Scale-up action to combat child malnutrition in Africa’s Sahel

By
United Nations News
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Scale-up action to combat child malnutrition in Africa’s Sahel
An estimated 6.3 million children under five, in six countries in Africa’s Sahel region, will suffer from malnutrition this year, UN agencies and their partners warned in a publication issued on Wednesday.
The West and Central Africa Nutrition working group fears at least 900,000 young lives could be at risk across Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. 

They said the number of under fives in the region expected to suffer from global acute malnutrition has never been so high, with a 27 per cent increase expected this year compared to 2021, marking the fifth consecutive year of record highs. 

The working group brings together UN agencies such as the UN Children’s Fund, (UNICEF), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the World Health Organization (WHO), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which include Action Against Hunger (ACF), Concern, and Save the Children. 

‘Business unusual’ approach 

Their joint note advocates for a paradigm shift to both urgently respond to immediate needs and address the root causes of malnutrition. 

“As conflicts, insecurity, socio-economic crisis and recurrent extreme climatic events in the region continue to deteriorate and further aggravate the nutrition of children, we need to shift to ‘business unusual’ to address their needs in a sustainable way,” said Marie-Pierre Poirier, UNICEF Regional Director for West and Central Africa.  

“While treatment remains an imperative to save the lives of children most severely affected, we must shift the paradigm and focus on scaling interventions to prevent malnutrition, especially in the most affected locations. The time has come to address the root causes of malnutrition of children in the region with determination and urgency.”  

Address underlying factors 

The partners are calling for a multi-sectoral approach to address multiple underlying factors which include widespread food insecurity; inadequate dietary and care practices for infants and young children; poor maternal nutrition, high incidence of childhood illnesses; inadequate access to water, sanitation and health services; as well as gender and other social norms. 

A particular focus on adolescent girls is key to break the inter-generational cycle of malnutrition, they added. 

The working group said a total of $93.4 million is required to prevent wasting among children, and pregnant and lactating mothers, based on data from nine countries.  

However, there is a $56.2 million funding gap, including $26.3 million to cover needs during the lean season which runs from June to September. 

For treatment of wasting, the funding shortfall is $77.5 million, of which $42 million is needed to treat severe wasting, the most life-threatening form of malnutrition. 

Ukraine war impact 

At the same time, longer-term and flexible investments for nutrition are required to sustainably address financing issues, including on the part of Governments. 

“And now the Ukraine crisis is leading to an inflation of the food prices, increasing the pressure on the populations already heavily impacted by the crises: a severe food and nutrition insecurity is near if we do not act now in all the hot spots,” said Mamadou Diop, Regional Representative for ACF. 

Currently, only 21 per cent of young children, from 6  to 23 months, receive the minimum number of food groups to grow well. 

As there will likely be an increase in supply needs, and in the cost of food and nutrition supplies, the partners have called for identifying local solutions, such as partnerships with women’s cooperatives, youth engagement for better community involvement, and public-private initiatives. 

The focus must be on young children, adolescent girls and pregnant and breastfeeding women, they said.

Ukraine war linked to ‘massive malnutrition crisis’ affecting millions in other emergencies

By
officialinstitutions
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Ukraine war linked to ‘massive malnutrition crisis’ affecting millions in other emergencies
The war in Ukraine has increased the risk of a “massive malnutrition crisis” for millions of children in other emergencies because of its already huge impact on global food prices, the UN said on Thursday.
Six weeks since Russia invaded its neighbour, the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF, said that imports have been disrupted to the Middle East and North Africa – where more than 90 per cent of food comes from abroad.

Prices have also risen for essentials, including wheat, cooking oil and fuel and if this situation continues, “it will severely impact children, especially in Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Sudan, Syria and Yemen”, UNICEF said.

Too poor to pay

Adele Khodr, who’s UNICEF’s Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa, warned of “unprecedented hikes in food prices” which families were unable to pay because of “ongoing conflicts, political instability, the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine”.

Because of these multiple problems, “the number of malnourished children is likely to drastically increase,” Ms. Khodr said, in a call to aid partners “to consolidate efforts to urgently deliver and scale up prevention, early detection and treatment of malnutrition to address the needs of millions of children and women, especially in countries most impacted by crises. This is critical to prevent a massive malnutrition crisis for children in the region.”

Prevention efforts

UNICEF works with partners to deliver and scale-up life-saving treatment services for children with severe wasting, in conjunction with early detection of wasting in children under five years old. Together with partners, UNICEF also delivers preventive nutrition services, including micronutrient supplements and growth monitoring, along with counselling and support on breastfeeding and age-appropriate complementary feeding.

 “We stand ready to facilitate the revamping of the nutrition response in the region to further strengthen links with agriculture, social protection, education and water and sanitation sectors to reach more children in need,” said Ms. Khodr

Always hungry

According to UNICEF, less than four in 10 young children in Middle East and North Africa, get the diets they need for grow and develop properly.

The region is already home to high rates of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, meaning that nearly one in five children is stunted, and around the same number suffer from wasting – or rapid weight loss – linked to lack of food.

Alarming as this data is, the situation is even worse in countries in the Middle East and North Africa that have been most impacted by the Ukraine war.

Stunting, anaemia

In Yemen, 45 per cent of children are stunted and over 86 per cent have anaemia, whose most common causes include nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iron, although a lack of folate, vitamins B12 and A, are also important causes.

UNICEF also warned that in Sudan, 13.6 per cent of children suffer from wasting, 36.4 per cent are stunted and nearly half have anaemia.

In Lebanon, 94 per cent of young children do not receive the diets they need, while over 40 per cent of women and children under the age of five have anaemia;

In Syria – where the price of the average food basket nearly doubled in 2021 – only one in four young children gets a sufficiently healthy diet.

A lifetime’s dedication to ‘conservation through wise use’ recognized with double award

By
Newsdesk
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A lifetime’s dedication to ‘conservation through wise use’ recognized with double award
Dr Mike Swan, Senior Advisor with the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT), has had his remarkable dedication to conservation and game management recognized with a double award at the recent Great British Shooting Awards 2022.

Mike, who celebrates 40 years with the GWCT this year, was selected as recipient of the Outstanding Contribution to Conservation and the Lifetime Achievement Awards. In typically modest fashion, he said:

“Maybe it’s just a case of sticking it for long enough.”

Mike went on to comment: “My career with the GWCT has been fascinating and I like to think I have helped at least a few people achieve both better shooting, and better conservation from their shoot management.

“In accepting these two awards, I pay tribute to my many GWCT colleagues past and present. My achievements are very much a result of their dedication to the cause of conservation through wise use.”

Mike has been part of the GWCT Advisory Service team since January 1982. As Senior Advisor he provides game management and conservation advice to gamekeepers, shoot managers, farmers and conservation organisations, mainly in the south of England. For many years Mike led the GWCT education programme, with a particular emphasis on providing an insight into the work of GWCT for tertiary level students.

He writes widely for the sporting press and has been a contributing author to many of the Trust’s publications. Before his appointment with GWCT Mike studied insects and pollination for his PhD at University College Swansea.

Mike lives in Dorset, where he runs a rough shoot on a 1000 acre mainly arable farm, carrying out a range of conservation measures through Countryside Stewardship and other schemes. With wild pheasants and partridges as the main focus of the shoot, a comprehensive predation control programme is also a key aspect. He also enjoys coastal wildfowling, angling and woodland deer stalking.

ENDS

Notes to Editors:

The Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust www.gwct.org.uk is an independent wildlife conservation charity which carries out scientific research into Britain’s game and wildlife. We advise farmers and landowners on improving wildlife habitats. We employ 23 post-doctoral scientists and 50 other research staff with expertise in areas such as birds, insects, mammals, farming, fish and statistics. We undertake our own research as well as projects funded by contract and grant-aid from Government and private bodies.

Press release distributed by Pressat on behalf of Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, on Thursday 7 April, 2022. For more information subscribe and follow https://pressat.co.uk/

Italy wants to protect espresso at UNESCO

By
Gaston de Persigny
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The country is applying not for the coffee itself, but for its drinking culture in Italy

Italian coffee has long gained legendary status, and the culture of Italian espresso drinking may soon become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The country’s Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Gian Marco Centinho, announced that the application had already been submitted for approval by the UNESCO National Commission in Italy, from where it should be submitted to UNESCO headquarters by March 31.

The ritual of drinking coffee in Italy

“In Italy, coffee is much more than just a drink – it is an authentic ritual, it is an integral part of our national identity and an expression of our social ties that distinguish us around the world,” Centinaio told Italian media. “For all Italians, the espresso cup is a social and cultural ritual that is reflected in literature and that fascinates the whole country – from Naples to Venice and Trieste through Rome and Milan.”

Two years earlier, Ilaria Danesi from the consortium told the details of the ritual to Euronews: “When they are not at home, Italians drink coffee in bars. This is a quick ritual. You order at the bar and swallow it for a few seconds. Stay at the bar. While drinking coffee is something that Italians would never give up. For them it is a break from everyday life and it is often an excuse to meet to discuss business or see a friend. And most of all – it’s cheap, so wherever you come from, it’s accessible and everyone can enjoy it. “

Coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world after water. After the invention of the first espresso machine in Italy in the late 19th century, it made it even more popular.

Second attempt

This is not Italy’s first attempt to secure World Heritage status for its espresso culture. The previous initiative failed, as applications were submitted by two different organizations – the Consortium for the Preservation of Traditional Italian Espresso in Treviso (representing all of Italy) and a similar organization from Naples (representing the Campania region). The two organizations got into public disputes, exchanging accusations of trying to declare war. The UNESCO committee disqualified both organizations, inviting them to reunite.

How will you know the “real” Italian espresso

For real espresso, however, there are specific requirements set by the consortium. To be considered a “real espresso”, the coffee must have a foam that is “uniform and stable for at least 120 seconds from the time of pouring the coffee without stirring”. It must also be “dark hazelnut in color and light in stripes”.

The coffee must be freshly ground and run from the machine for between 20 and 27 seconds. It should be prepared by a trained barista with a professional coffee machine. The temperature of the coffee in the cup should be between 90 and 96 degrees, and the dose of ground coffee for one cup – between 13 and 26 grams. There are special rules even for the type of cup used – porcelain with a narrow bottom.

Fusion reactor breaks energy record

By
Newsdesk
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The 24-year record for nuclear fusion has collapsed, “Hi-tech” reports. JET scientists announced that they have succeeded in generating the highest sustainable energy in history by fusion of atoms, more than doubling their own record in experiments conducted in 1997.

“These landmark results have taken us a giant step closer to solving one of the biggest challenges in science and engineering,” said Ian Chapman, head of the Culham Fusion Energy Center (CCFE), where JET is based.

JET is part of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, but its scientific activities are managed by the European cooperation EUROfusion.

Thanks to the generation of nuclear fusion, scientists have a chance to find an almost limitless source of clean energy. So far, no experiment has produced more energy than it put in. So far, the JET results haven’t been able to turn the tide either, but scientists say the study offers hope that the next fusion reactor project (the ambitious $22 billion ITER, which is scheduled to start fusion experiments in 2025) using the same technology and the same the same fuel mixture – will ultimately help them achieve this goal.

“JET has indeed achieved what was predicted. Simulations like this suggest that ITER will work,” said fusion physicist Josephine Proll from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands.

“Our experiments are the culmination of almost two decades of work. They are important in helping scientists predict how ITER will behave and how its operating settings will be determined,” explained Ann White, a plasma physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

JET uses magnetic fields to confine plasma, a superheated gas of hydrogen isotopes, in a tokamak. Under the action of heat and pressure, hydrogen isotopes fuse into helium, releasing energy in the form of neutrons.

To break the energy record, JET used a tritium fuel mixture – the same one that will be used for ITER, now under construction in the south of France. Tritium was last used in a tokamak fusion experiment when JET set the previous fusion energy record in 1997.

In an experiment conducted on December 21, 2021, the JET tokamak produced 59 megajoules of energy in a five-second fusion “pulse”, more than double the 21.7 megajoules released in 1997.

“While the 1997 experiment still holds the ‘peak power’ record, it lasted a fraction of a second, and its average power was less than half of today’s,” said Fernanda Rimini, a CCFE plasma scientist who led the latest experiment.

According to her, it took more than 20 years to improve and modernize the equipment.

Rimini noted that generating energy within seconds is necessary to understand the heating, cooling, and motion that occurs within the plasma, which will be critical to launching ITER.

Greenland loses ice for 25 consecutive years

By
News desk
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Ice losses occur in 2 ways: direct melting and tearing off icebergs

The Greenland ice sheet has lost more ice in the summer than it has accumulated during the winter season for the 25th consecutive year, according to the Washington Post.

The net total loss was 166 gigatons of ice from September 2020 to August 2021.

The material continues: “This year, scientists have estimated that about 500 gigatons have been lost due to icebergs and melting – the highest in 35 years of satellite observations.

Scientists say they are worried about the future of the ice sheet. NASA’s Josh Willis said: “With each decade warmer than the last, breaking records is the new norm.

New Scientist, meanwhile, published a new study, citing Nature Communications, which found that trees “lower the temperature of the earth’s surface by up to 12C.” Researchers have used satellite data from nearly 300 European cities to measure earth’s surface temperature, the article explains. According to the material, “the cooling provided by green areas without trees is insignificant.”

As extreme heat becomes more prevalent in cities, Jihua Wang of Arizona State University told New Scientist that “[this study] provides important guidance for urban gardeners to implement urban trees as an effective strategy to reduce urban heat.” .

Albatrosses “divorce” more often because of the heat

Apart from that, higher water temperatures as a result of climate change are stressing albatrosses, the Guardian reports.

The authors of a study by the Royal Society have found that in years with unusually warm water temperatures, the divorce rate of albatrosses increases from the usual 1-3% to up to 8%.

One of the authors, Francesco Ventura, told the newspaper that one of the reasons for this was the “hypothesis of blaming partners”: female albatrosses blame their partners for the higher levels of stress caused by the harsher environment.

How the ancient Romans visited the toilet

By
Gaston de Persigny
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Generally speaking, the Romans had fewer reservations than the people today. They are relatively okay with the narrower rooms – after all, the seats and the Roman theater are also quite close, about 30 centimeters apart. And they’re also okay with group walking.

“Today, when we take off our pants, we are left quite naked, but the Romans are wrapped in gowns, which provides them with cover,” said Koloski-Ostrow, an anthropologist at Brandeis University.

“The clothes they wear provide them with a barricade so that they can actually do their work in relative solitude, get up and leave. And let’s hope your toga hasn’t been much affected since. If we compare the toilets of that time with the modern urinal, she adds, they actually offer more privacy.

Despite the lack of toilet paper, visitors use sponges attached to a stick that they wash in clean running water.

The Romans loved comfort in such situations. Whether they washed their hands, however, is another story. Maybe they were immersed in an amphora of water. Maybe they aren’t. They may have done so in some parts of the empire, but not in others. What’s worse is that the sponge stick has probably been used repeatedly and shared by all visitors.

So, if one of the visitors has any diseases, everyone else catches them as well. Without knowledge of how diseases spread, the Roman toilet can hardly be called hygienic by modern standards. This soft, gentle tool is called a tersorium, which literally means “something to wipe.”

Although they seem advanced to an ancient civilization, Roman public toilets are far from particularly glamorous. The white marble seats, glistening in the sun, may look clean now, but that was hardly the case when these facilities were working. They have low roofs and small windows that let in little light.

People sometimes do not hit the holes, so the floors and seats are often dirty. The air stinks. “Think about it – how often does someone come to clean this marble?” Koloski-Ostrow asks. In fact, she believes that the facilities were so unpleasant that the elite of the empire used them only in very difficult situations.

The upper-class Romans, who sometimes paid for the construction of toilets, usually did not set foot in these places. They construct them for the poor and the enslaved – but not because they have mercy on the lower classes. They build them so they don’t have to walk in the excrement on the streets. Like any other civilization that chooses to urbanize, the Romans face a problem: What to do with all the waste?

 The Roman elite viewed public toilets as an instrument that washed the filth of the plebeians from their noble gaze. In Roman baths it is common practice to write the name of the benefactor who paid for the construction of the facility, but the walls of the toilets do not bear such inscriptions. “It seems that no one in Rome wanted to be connected to a toilet,” says Koloski-Ostrow.

Public toilets were not comfortable for women either. In the 2nd century, “these places were built in areas of the city where men had jobs,” says Koloski-Ostrow.

“Perhaps a enslaved girl who was sent to the market would dare to enter, if necessary, although she would be afraid of being robbed or raped. But an elite Roman woman will never be seen there, even dead.

Back in their comfortable villas, wealthy citizens have their own toilets built over cesspools. But even they may have preferred the more convenient, less smelly version with the room pots that the enslaved people were then forced to empty in the garden.

The elite do not want to connect their cesspools with sewer pipes, because this will probably be a convenient route for pests and odors to their homes. Instead, they hire people to deal with their pits

How to meaningfully involve children in scientific research?

By
News desk
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Cute boy and girl learning playfully in frot of a big blackboard. Studio shot on beige background.

When conducting research with children, researchers focus mainly on gathering information from adults, parents, guardians, teachers and others. But a new approach, called ‘child-centered research’, offers children’s active participation so that their views, experiences, ways of thinking can be gathered directly. However, not every such study will be significant, detailed methodological and ethical preparations are needed.

Model of children’s participation in scientific research

There are three models of children’s direct participation in research: as consultants, as collaborators, and as owners or lead researchers. Children can make recommendations that will help researchers make important decisions, or participate even more actively by choosing a direction of research or participating in the choice of methods and other important things. Finally, children can conduct research to support adults.

Design of appropriate and ethical research methods

Researchers must adhere to ethical principles, seven of which are differentiated in working with children: e.g. respect, ill-will and benevolence, justice, the best interests of the child and some others. The rules of confidentiality must be observed and the potential negative effects must be minimized.

Why should children participate significantly in research?

Children are best able to present their experiences and perspectives. No one can do it better than them. This is the meaning of the right to participate as one of the most important rights in the Convention. Their active participation can also help develop social and other useful skills.

Potential risks of including children in research

The risks exist mainly when studying sensitive topics such as violence, crime, etc. Children are more sensitive than adults and special attention should be paid to drawing up a detailed plan and risk assessment in case of unforeseen circumstances.

Link

https://www.childinthecity.org/2021/08/24/how-to-meaningfully-involve-children-…
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